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Bored Spearman of the Wind
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On Areté.
Lots of people saying that Areté is striving for excellence, and that's true to an extend. But Areté is more than that and context is important.
The early Areté traces itself from the word Aristos, the Greek word for "The best" which is also the root for the word aristocrats (They who are the best) and aristocracy (Rule by the best), one could have an Areté boat for example. Over time there was a shift in meaning, where before the aristocrats were aristocrats because they were the best, later on you were "the best" because you were an aristocrat.
The definite meaning of Areté is vague. There are different kinds of Areté and different classes so to speak. The Greek heroes of the Iliad possess Areté. Homer describes Achilles as an examplar of Areté not only due to his strenght and courage. Death in battle or winning the Olympics was considered good (agathos) and worthy of honor (timé). Achilles, who is destined to die in the fields of Troy, isn't only guaranteed Aréte because of his excellence, but also because he is guaranteed a death of the highest honor.
Contrast to that Penelope, wife of Odysseus, is also called Areté but because of her skill in cooperation with others.
To be Areté isn't just to be excellent, it's also to be virtuous/good (another example of this is that the Greek goddess Areté is the goddess of virtue). To hold oneself to the highest standards of one's culture and values. Which is the reason why it's so hard to define.
Plato nevertheless tried and came up with the following central values (Plato didn't argue that these were the sole values of Areté and its connection with Dikaiosynē and Sōphrosynē was already around at the time):
Plato argues that in a "Good" city all classes and animals, but particularly the workers (farmers and craftsmen) adhere to Temperance, the warriors adhere to Courage and the rulers to Prudence, with Justice standing outside the class system and governing the relations between the classes.
Lots of people saying that Areté is striving for excellence, and that's true to an extend. But Areté is more than that and context is important.
The early Areté traces itself from the word Aristos, the Greek word for "The best" which is also the root for the word aristocrats (They who are the best) and aristocracy (Rule by the best), one could have an Areté boat for example. Over time there was a shift in meaning, where before the aristocrats were aristocrats because they were the best, later on you were "the best" because you were an aristocrat.
The definite meaning of Areté is vague. There are different kinds of Areté and different classes so to speak. The Greek heroes of the Iliad possess Areté. Homer describes Achilles as an examplar of Areté not only due to his strenght and courage. Death in battle or winning the Olympics was considered good (agathos) and worthy of honor (timé). Achilles, who is destined to die in the fields of Troy, isn't only guaranteed Aréte because of his excellence, but also because he is guaranteed a death of the highest honor.
Contrast to that Penelope, wife of Odysseus, is also called Areté but because of her skill in cooperation with others.
To be Areté isn't just to be excellent, it's also to be virtuous/good (another example of this is that the Greek goddess Areté is the goddess of virtue). To hold oneself to the highest standards of one's culture and values. Which is the reason why it's so hard to define.
Plato nevertheless tried and came up with the following central values (Plato didn't argue that these were the sole values of Areté and its connection with Dikaiosynē and Sōphrosynē was already around at the time):
- Sōphrosynē
- Phronēsis
- Andreia
- Dikaiosynē
- Temperance - Moderation (in action, though and feelings) - Self Restraint
- Prudence - Caution - Wisdom - Rational Choice
- Courage - Bravery - Fortitude - Perseverance - Patience
- Justice - Moderation (between selfishness and selflessness) - Charitability
Plato argues that in a "Good" city all classes and animals, but particularly the workers (farmers and craftsmen) adhere to Temperance, the warriors adhere to Courage and the rulers to Prudence, with Justice standing outside the class system and governing the relations between the classes.
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