What do you, Snorri, actually know about Deep Magic?
Challenge Accepted!
1. It exists.
This is actually some pretty key knowledge because as long as we know that it exists we know that we aren't chasing after a Red Herring
2. It is useable.
Again, basic information, but we need to set a proper framework! As long as we know it exists and that it is useable it stands to reason that it is not a gamble trying to tap into the Deep Magic to empower different runes.
3. Using it requires something to draw it up.
It exists and is useable, but is not easily accessible. It requires some nebulous "thing" to draw the energy from its source to empower runes.
3a. Runes can be empowered by Deep Magic.
Useful information to have. It describes a potential characteristic of the Deep Magic as an actual source of magic and not natural phenomena.
3b. Runes empowered by the Deep Magic last longer
Useful information to have as it describes a characteristic of the Deep Magic, why exactly this is the case we don't know and would fall under conjecture.
3c. Runes empowered by the Deep Magic perform at higher rates
Useful information to have as it describes a characteristic of the Deep Magic, why exactly this is the case we don't know and would fall under conjecture.
4. The source seems to be fundamental Geological processes.
Based on our visions, the best guess as to the source of the Deep Magic is fundamental geological processes that happen constantly but take place over eons of time. The same processes that cause volcanoes to erupt, islands to form, and mountains to rise and fall.
5. The Master Rune of Waking interacts with the Deep Magic on some level.
This information was confirmed by Lady Valma on the route to Karag Dum.
Now it is time for some Conjecture!
Deep Magic is more stable than the winds which normally fuel the Runes. This would explain the longevity of the runes using the Deep Magic and could be the difference between the chaotic winds which change in a second and the steady power of the Earth which takes eons for a change to occur.
Deep Magic is either more potent or is so stable that more can be used in a rune without running the risk of overpowering it. Two different options that we won't be able o really distinguish unless we can precisely measure how much deep energy is being used in various runes and compare that energy to runes using only the Winds of Magic.
Deep Magic will be stronger in areas of strong geological activity. If the Deep Magic is in fact sourced from Geological activity, then being in areas of intense activity compared to areas of stability might have differences.
Now it is time for some Possible avenues of Research!
Based on information 4 and 5 a good place to start researching the Deep Magic would be to correlate runes that invoke fundamental geological processes and the Master rune of Waking. Such runes might include the Rune of Stone, variants of the Rune of Fire based around lava, and any other runes which fit those criteria. Additionally, check for similarities between runes that use tremendous amounts of energy similar to the Master Rune of Waking: Possible candidates are Master Rune of Conduction and the Master Rune of Snorri Gift-Giver. Similarities and differences between the energy used and where it gets that energy might prove a valuable avenue to explore for gathering data on how to best tap into the Deep Magic.
Information 4 might also be useful information to gather other data. Take exploration trips to geologically active areas (the Easter Dwarves seem to have a lot of them) and investigate how the Master Rune of Waking operates differently in those areas. Other theories should be explored as well, possibly by comparing the Rune of Thungni and Rune of Gazul to the Master Rune of Waking to detect differences, but more importantly, any similarities to the Master Rune of Waking.
Another avenue of exploration is to compare runes crafted by Snorri Gift-Giver while wearing Barak Azamar to runes crafted without wearing it. What differences do the runes now have which allows runes crafted with Barak Azamar equipped to draw from the Deep Magic and runes without Barak Azamar equipped to not. Special attention might be given to the Rune of Stone and the Master Rune of Waking.
Research that Lady Valma can do without Barak Azamar might involve research between different Gronti of various sizes. Presumably larger Gronti need more magic which would be powered by the Master Rune of Waking. If that is the case, there should be minute differences between how the Rune gathers the power and distributes it. If that is not the case, then why? What in the Master Rune of Waking allows the same amount of magic to power different sized Gronti? Find that, and you'll find the core power source of the Rune possibly granting insights into how it gathers and distributes power.
Collaboration research might involve the construction of two of the same Gronti, one with Snorri equipping Barak Azamar and one Lady Valma without and then comparing the two Gronti and noting the similarities and differences between what they do and operate.