On apprentices, I'm not sure why people seem to be fixating on their race or disabilities as standout features.
Mathilde is a woman of many hats, and one of the key points of apprentices is that they have decent chances of picking up their Master's paradigm. So which parts of Mathilde's paradigm do we want them to build on?
-Being a warrior? This would be her Shadowsteed, Aethyric Armor, Shadow Melee Knife, and soon to be single-weapon-specialist Grandmaster sworder.
--This is also one root of her Warrior of Fog traitline, she thinks like a soldier and then as a commander.
Down this route we might well wind up with an Ulrican Grey Wizard Apprentice.
-Being basically an open Ranaldite? It certainly colors a lot of Mathilde's activities, she's deeply pious in a mountain hermit way, and while not behind any particular spell, its the MOOD, of being a risk taker and liar, yet honorable and true to allies.
--This is another root of Warrior of Fog, Ranaldite mode of thought as applied to wielding an army like a dagger, of being known in the right ways and unknown in the right ways. Of being well placed to take advantage of chance.
Covert Ranald Cult intensifies.
-Of being an enchanter? Mathilde is genuinely good at this stuff, she just hadn't spent a lot of time on it. Now that things have calmed down a bit, working with an apprentice to further the process of forcing magic into permanent patterns could be fascinating.
--This overlaps with the below analytical trait.
This plays well with researcher traits, analyzing strange phenomenon, then turning them into usable creations or at least exotic papers.
-Of being methodical and analytical with regards to Ulgu rather than mystical and metaphorical. Mathilde's view on Ulgu is in terms of probabilistics and known unknowns, whereas much of the existing spellbook builds off metaphors and free association.
--This overlaps a lot with her enchanting process.
This could be anything from working with an Ulgu-Johann to a scientist type.
-Of being a moneymancer? Of turning chance moments into buttloads of gold and silver? This builds off Regimand's own inherited habits, though its in the backseat much lately, it was Mathilde-as-Spymaster. Information and connections flow alongside gold.
This would be tricky because you don't particularly WANT your apprentices to think they should start testing the limits of the Vow of Poverty. But on the other hand any apprentice working with Mathilde would probably learn about the power of LoadsAMoney fairly quickly when she buys a book worth a small house for research purposes, or works in a workshop with components from three different continents and two different tech trees.
And then you have the higher level stuff which builds off multiple of these bases in no clear manner.
I think people have kind of an unrealistic expectation of the colleges, going purely off numbers. The Grey College has 100 Journeymen, 50 Magisters, and 8 Magister Lords, and I forget how many Battle Wizards. Each of the Journeymen will only make any sort of notable discovery once, just before they get their promotion, and those discoveries don't need to be all that useful or even related to magic. Each of those 50 Magisters has to balance magical research with learning existing magic, whatever day job they have, personal projects, and their duties to the Colleges. Each of the Battlewizards has to balance magical research with their personal advancement and whatever deployments they make. The only people who can have the clout to spend all their time in magical research are the Magister Lords, and most of them have more personal projects, or investments in high level day jobs either within the College or as an Advisor.
So not only can you fit every single person in the Empire who's capable of advancing research into Grey Magic into a single lecture hall, each also has substantial duties outside of research. Really, it's a miracle that the Colleges are doing as well at research as they are.
According to the quest rules as written, though, "spending most of their time defending the empire" is genuinely the fastest way to improve magic. Sure, it risks your life, but masteries must be gotten under duress and traits can be gotten a lot faster after you successfully withstand a crisis. By contrast, researching is slow, has the same odds of success and gives no masteries, so the only advantage it has is that you arent gambling your life, which is a big advantage on a personal and moral level,but not so much on an institutional one on a paradigm that values quality over quantity.
Mmm, its not so clearly cut and dried I think?
For the Grey College at least, you can choose to stop advancing anytime after learning to control your magic. And thats where the career tiers are at, Perpetuals engage in no risks, and know little magic, Journeymen have committed into leaving the nest and braving the world, but could simply settle down somewhere if they wanted.
Many who make it to Magister could opt to settle down to be a full time academic with tenure if they wanted.
So I think in most cases, risks are frontloaded - you need to take a lot of risks early in your career so that you establish your own paradigm while still malleable, as we've seen, lesser traits are picked up really fast early in your career, but slow down or need much greater risks later on.
Once you make Magister, you essentially already have an effective paradigm, and incremental improvement upon that paradigm via research is useful.
But by contrast, a Journeyman or lower just plain isn't going to get anywhere in developing stuff via research, they lack the traits for it unless they want to spend literal decades eking out a minor incremental improvement...or plagarize from a different faction.