@Boney,
2. Is there a book subject that helps train apprentices like Pedagogy? Or would the relevant books instead be what we teach like Ulgu and Linguistics?
I feel like the old world ( and the empire) would be somewhere between Quintilian's 'Institutio Oratoria'
and Jean Gerson's 'De parvulis ad Christum trahendis' ideas, but without the heavy Christan beliefs of Tertullian, St Jeromes and their peers. but still miles away from Dewey
So high responsibility on the teacher (its your job that they learn something, not they failed to learn.),
The belief that knowledge isn't inherent, but learned through teaching from someone older.
That learning is Gradual: you can't truly understand a topic until you understood a more 'fundamental' topic. E.g, you cant master debate until you got your grammar down, or music until basic math etc etc. and actually trying can stunt your growth or at least mess up your learning. (what, exactally, makes one topic 'fundamental' and 'advance' is up in the air.)
Positive reinforcement is well known to be a good way to do things as well. But is only recently flirting with the idea that fear of pain (of the ruler to the knuckles kind) and shame
aren't productive and legit methods. and most thinking that a good mix of the two is best.
I have a passing interest in the topic. if it's not obvious.