Paths of Civilization II: Paths of Industrialization
10ebbor10
DON'T PANIC
- Location
- Present
A bunch of people seem to believe that they stole our shiny, that being the Pacific ocean.
SV really likes it's shinies.
- Location
- Austria
They may become a threat.
It's fairly normal for civ games, especially as most QMs don't represent wars as the resource hogs they are and committing into a wrong one has no consequences.
Dirtnap
Kanmusu Affecionado
There's still a slice between not!china and not!japan. Sure they may get there before us...but honestly who cares. SEA is a hellhole to try and manage from flippin Russia.
10ebbor10
DON'T PANIC
- Location
- Present
Would be a big mistake to make in this case though. The Trelli slave expedition shows that AN will give us a hard war if we try to create one.
- Location
- Hell
Mahaxia is the name of the continent. The new not!USA is now UPM(United Provinces of Mahaxia)
Abby Normal
High Clerk of the Ymaryn
- Pronouns
- He/Him
...I suppose that would make sense, wouldn't it... XD
Umi-san
Procrastinating.
- Location
- ꙮ
It is a matter of spreading out our resource collection, but not necessarily manufacture.
I don't see why spreading it out will inherently result in old-style operations.
- Manufacture: Do you mean that it fights the drift toward city-located factories? Which will have higher efficiency and persist regardless?
- Exploitation: Having more land will push us to permit less judicious techniques? This can be fought through research and political initiatives, but kind of isn't a concern as of yet. And having more opportunities but still-limited hands means we'll be pushed to be more efficient with our labor.
My focus is this: more land means more internal sourcing means less external perturbations.
- Location
- madison
I think it's because they are assuming that because we are Russia we must do the Russia thing of going to war for port cities. Even though looking at Russia, being belligerent like that tended to leave them benefit of allies and best by enemies on all sides.
I very much want to nab the resources in Siberia before someone else does, we're going to need them to fuel our delvopment and keep us economically stable enough to endure painful social changes, but I think going to war with someone just because they have something we could use is foolish. Especially when they are so far away, even with railroads the logistical challenge would be massive and it would create an enemy who'd always be well positioned to take advantage of weakness or distractions.
Umi-san
Procrastinating.
- Location
- ꙮ
Don't forget how much nicer the ocean is as a border.
Dutch's Imperial Content Corner - Historical Politics of Revolutionary France (1791-1799)
Dutch
Bored Spearman of the Wind
- Location
- CET
To give some more insight on the internal situation in France during the revolution.
After the constitution of 1791 the new constitutional monarchy focussed on new economical policies and land reform. It confiscated church lands in return for assignats, first regarded as bonds and later paper currency. The land was then sold to wealthy members of the middle class and wealthy farmers. Due to various reasons the poor couldn't take advantage of this (large, undiveded and expensive plots, far away auctions, ect). Peasants also had to pay compensation and were very much against some of the ideas against communal village lands. These reforms were very focussed on economical individualism. Guilds and labor union like organizations were also abolished, for various reasons. This "freedom of work" (because one didn't need to become part of a restrictive guild to join an occupation) was very unpopular and led to enormous labor issues and strikes.
Meanwhile a new national identity was constructed by creating new national symbols and getting rid of old ones belonging to the monarchy or the church. Think, liberty trees, caps, colors, festivals, songs, Marianne, ect.
The Assembly quarreled with the church of the confiscation of property and the loss of the tithe (which ruined church organized charity and eduction for the lower classes). The Assembly also tried to make the church subordinate to the state, not on purpose, but simply due to the other changes. It now needed government funding in order to maintain its churches and schools for example. Any way they attempted to set up a national church bound to the government and in line with the ideals of the revolution, the French church dragged its feet, so the government appealed to the Pope, who denounced the entire revolution instead. This led to a church schism and drove most French catholics into the hands of the pope, undoing centuries of Gallican Liberties along the way.
Despite popular believe, the European monarchies were reluctant to get involved with the affairs of France, even as the philosofical debate raged across the continent. Conflict began with the declaration of Pillnitz, which was made by Leopold II of Austria in order to be a meaningless statement in order to appease the French émigrés who fled France. It promised an intervention only if all european powers agreed on it, which was never going to happen. The French émigrés were delighted and ran with it announcingthat they would return with an army at they back to right all wrongs dealt to them. The declaration enraged the French against the monarchies of Europe and pushed the Girondins in power, who wanted to export the revolution to neighbouring countries in order to distract from problems at home. Meanwhile the remaining royalists were also in favor, because they believed a war might restore the damaged reputation of the king. Dreading the return of the old regime France declare dwar on "the King of Hungary and Bohemia."
The war intensfied the internal unrest in France, the Assembly had done little for the lower classes. The émigrés had taken most of the gold with the as they fled the country, assignats had become the sole remaining currency, prices soared, and due to political instability the assignats quickly lost their value. This combined with scarcity in food cause prices to rise. But even so, when treatened with the return of the old regime and the return of the émigrés and all it would imply, the working classes rallied to the revolution, but not the government in power because it lacked the confidence of large elements of the population. In addition, the war went badly at first, Prussia joined Austria immediately. They declared the Brunswick Manifesto in the summer of 1792, demanding the safety of the French royal family. This caused the people of France to identify the king with the invading powers and they turned against him because they could not trust him and was playing both sides. Recruits gathering in Paris and the local lower classes stormed the palace, killed the local detachment of the Swiss Guard, proclaimed the Commune of Paris and usurped the power of the Assembly. Anarchy reigned in Paris and a new national government was formed.
Meanwhile the disorganized French armies won their first victory and managed to drive the Prussians back. They continued to occupy Belgium, Savoy and the left bank of the Rhine. The new National Convention decreed assistance to all people wishing to recover their libery and ordered the generals to dissolve the old order in all occupied territories, confiscating govenment and church property, abolishing tithes, hunting rights, and dues and set up provincial administrations. This spurred the British and Dutch intervention in the war in 1793. Meanwhile, Prussia, Austria and Russia were distracted with the partition of Poland. The infant French Republic was now at war with all of Europe.
Meanwhile a faction of the Girondins, known as "the mountain" rose in popularity. This new faction owed their support to the most radical and popular elements in Paris. They focussed most of their attention on the needs of the lower classes and (correctly) denounced the desposed royal family of collusion with the Austians. They also favored a more direct democracy and began thinking of leading the masses against the Convention itself. Still they would work with the Girondins during the emergency. The king meanwhile, was sentenced to death.
In April 1793 the popular general Dumouriez, who had won the victories in Belgium, defected to Austria. The French we driven from Belgium and invasion agains seemed imminent. Counter-Revolutionaries rejoiced, from revolutionaries came the cry: "We have been betrayed!". Prices continued to climb, currency fell, food was getting harder to get, and the working classes were growing restless. They demanded price controls, currency controls, rationing, anti-hoarding laws and increased requisitioning to increase the flow of goods. They denounced the bourgeois traders as profiteers. The Mountain went along, the Girondins resisted and were ousted from power and arrested by a mob.
The Mountain ruled the Convention, but the Convention ruled little. Foreign armies were again invading France. in the west, in Vendée, the Peasants revolted against military conscription, inspired by refractory priests, British agents and royalist emissaries. The great provincial cities were also in revolt, Lyons, Bordeaux, Marseilles and others, partially inspired by Girondin remnants, they demanded a more federal and decentralized republic. They despised the ascendancy of Paris and wanted to return to the regional independence they had experienced during the old regime. These revolts became counterrevolutionary because they were the ones that flocked to assist them. The Convention was also threatened on the Left. The Mountain had inspired even more excited militants called enragés. These enragés declared parliamentary methodes useless and formed revolutionary armies throughout the country that scoured the rural areas for food, denounced counterrevolutionaries and preached the ideals of the revolution.
Within this madness, one of the least understood figures in history rose to power in the Convention.
Robespierre.
Robespierre launched a program to repress the anarchy, civil strife in the country, as well as the counterrevolution. He also prepared a constitution for a govenment not reliant on the Commune of Paris. With this in mind, the Comittee of Public Safety was founded. The Comittee itself set up a reign of terror under its revolutionary courts, this was an alternative to the earlier lynch laws and anarchy that produced the September massacres. It's victims were royalists, early revolutionaries, innocents and even members of the Mountain in the end. Most deaths were in places that had openly revolted against the Convention, such as Vendée. 40.000 people reportedly died during the terror, which in the end devolved into a kind of selfperpetuating mess of revolutionary violence.
The Committee operated as a joint dictatorship and war cabinet. It prepared and guided legislation, sent attaché to the armies, spread bulletins of laws to people knew which laws they were supposed to follow. It centralized the administration and decreed the Levée en Masse, calling on all able bodied men to join the army and all others to serve the nation in any way they could. Most scientist worked or were protected by the Committee. The Committee also introduced economic controls which had been demanded by the enragés. The value of the assignats ceased to fall. This way, the Committee protected the purchasing power of itself and the masses. By introducing anti-hoarding laws, controling the export of gold, confiscating specie and currency and repaying people with assignats, it had stabilized the economy. Food and supplies for army and towns were raised by a system of requisitions, it worked , but not very well and the Committee angered many by keeping down wages. The Committee also produced a constitution, which was to be adopted when the emergency was over.
Meanwhile the revolutionaries escalated even more. The party of the extreme revolution, the Hébertines, gathered traction. Denouncing all merchants and boureoisie, they believed all religion to be counterrevolutionary and wanted to dechristianise France. Presured by the Hébertines, in an attempt to please both Catholics and the Hébertines, Robespierre concieved the cult of the Supreme being. An act the alienated both sides and played an important part in his fall from grace.
Afterwards the Committee cracked down on the Hébertines, the revolutionary armies were supressed, the Commune of Paris destroyed. The Mountain underwent another purge, this time the right wing Dantonists were destroyed. The working class leaders became disillusioned with the revolution, and felt that it no longer served their interests.
In spite of this, by spring 1794 the French Republic possessed an army of 800.000 men, the largest army ever raised by a European power. It was a national army representing a people at arms, commanded by officers promoted by merrit and composed of troops whol felt themselves citizens fighting for their own cause. Its intense political-mindedness made it more formidable and contrasted strongly with the indifference of the opposing troops, some of whom were serfs and none of whom had any sense of of membership to their own political systems.
The allied forced could not combine their might against France, each pursuing their own interests. Within six months French had reconquered Belguim and their cavalry rode into Amsterdam on the ice. The old Dutch provinces ended and were reformed into the Batavian Republic. In the east, Kosciusko's revolution in Poland was crushed by Russian and Prussian troops. These successes made the French less willing to put up with Robespierre, who had alienated all significant parties, and was guillotined on July 28 1794.
The fall of Robespierre stunned the nation, the Committee lost part of its power, Price controls and regulations were removed. Inflation resumed its course, prices agains rose, and the disoriented and leaderless working classes suffered more than ever. Again revolts broke out, one of which dispersed the Convention by force, troops were recalled to Paris, the uprising was crushed and thousands were deported. In the end, it were the bourgeois and nouveaux riches who stood triumphant. These Thermidorians purged many ex-Jacobins, but had not lost faith in the revolution, even if they believed democracy tainted by red terror and mob rule. They still believed in individuel rights and a written constitution. The new Convention made a seperate peace with Spain and Prussia and a new constitution was established.
The new constitution led to the creation of the Directory in 1795, which was the first formally constituted French Republic. It was politically weak and vulnerable because it rested on a narrow social base. It was also bound by certain military conquests, such as Belgium, which were now considered constitutionally incorporated into France even though they had yet to be ceded by the Habsburgs, nor had the British accepted these occupations. It gave people the right to vote, but only for electors, it had and upper and lower chamber, and five directors. It was dominated by a small amount of property owners, rural and urban. In order to defend the revolution form counterrevolutionaries, two thirds of both the initial upper and lower house had to have served in the Convention. This interverence with the freedom of election led to several royalist uprisings in Paris, which were supressed by a young general named Bonapart on the orders of the Convention. The new Republic was dependent on military protection form the start.
Like its predecessors, the new Republic was beset by enemies left and right. On the right, royalists agitated against the government. Their greatest handicap being the would be king Louis XVIII, who continued to announce his intent to completely restore the Old Regime. So it was said that the Bourbons "learned nothing and forgot nothing". Many in France did not adhere to the Republic, but merely to any system that could shut out the Bourbons and the privileged nobility. On the left, many favored the democratic ideals of the revolution. A tiny group under "Gracchus" Badeuf wished to overthrow the Directory and abolish all property. Dadeuf was Guillotined by the Directory, meanwhile the lower classes were ignored and continued to suffer from the ravages of inflation and scarcity.
During the first free elections in 1797, the royalists were the clear victors. This was something the republicans and the regicides could not endure. Nor was it endurable to General Napoleon Bonapart. Napoleon had gained command of an army in 1796 and in two brilliant campaigns had crushed the Austrians in Italy. Soon, like all generals, he had become independent of the government in Paris, which was in no financial state to pay its troops or supply them. Napoleon became self-supporting, made the government in Paris dependent on him and developed a foreign policy of his own. He rallied the Italians to his cause and established a republic modelled on the French system in the Po Valley. The Directory intended to return Milan to Austria as compensation for the conquest of Belgium, but Bonapart instisted that the Republic needed to hold its position in both Belgium and Italy. He needed the Republicans in power, because the Royalists and the restored king could easily return the conquered lands and leave both the sister republics in the Netherlands and Italy to their fates. Was peace dear enough to be purchased by a return of the old regime as proclaimed by Louis XVIII?
England, meanwhile was poised to make peace with France. The war had gone badly, it suffered from severe political instability and had revoked habeas corpus in order to contain revolts. Crops were bad and bread was scarce and costly, inflation was rising due to loans to support the war effort, most of the gold had been sent to the continent in order to finance its allies, famine threatened, the population was restless, and there were mutinies in the fleet. Ireland was in open rebellion and the Austrians were routed.
In France, the Royalists were the party of peace. The Republicans were bound by the constitution to protect it's conquests and they were losing control of their generals.
All this led to the coup d'etat of Fructidor in september 1797, the turning point for the Republic. The Directory asked Bonaparte for help, who sent one of his generals, Augereau, to Paris. Augereau and his men stood guard as the Directory annulled the results of the election of the previous spring. The old Republicans secured themselfs into power, under the justification that they were defending the constitution and preventing the return of Louis XVIII and the Old Regime. But in doing so violated their own constitution and quashed the first free election ever held in the French Republic. The "new" government broke off negotiations with England, but signed peace with Austria.
The following months the revolution spread through Italy, creating many new republics based on the French model. In Germany the disposed nobility from the left bank of the Rhine was compensated by church territories on the east of the Rhine, signaling the start of the reconstruction of Germany. The Empire sank to the level of a land rush or real estate speculation.
After Fructidor the idea of maintaining the republic as a constitutional goverment was given up. There were more uprisings, more quashed elections, more purges of the left and right. The Directory turned into a ineffective dictatorship. It failed to restore financial confidene or stability, guerrila activity flared up again in Vendée and western France, and the religious schism became more extreme. Meanwhile, Napoleon returned from Italy a hero. He received command of an army training to invade England, but concluded it was too early to invade and decided to strike at England indirectly by invading Egypt. This alarmed the Russians, who had their own ambitions in the region. At the same time the Austrians became increasingly opposed to the French rearrangement of Germany. This led to the creation of the Second Coalition. Realizing the threat, Napoleon left his army in Egypt and returned to France. There he discovered that members of the Directory were planning a coup in order to restore order, however they still needed support from the army.
On November 9 1799, armed soldiers under the leaderschip of Bonapart drove the legislators from the chambers in what was later called the coup d'etat of Brumaire. They proclaimed a new Republic, which Bonaparte entitled the Consulate.
It happened that the French Republic, falling into the hands of a general, fell also to a man whom many of his contemporaries and some later historians viewed as a "genius" or a "great man". Under the Consulate France reverted to a form a enlightened despotism and Bonaparte may be thought of as the last and most eminent of the enlightened despots. Self-government through elected bodies was ruthlessly pushed aside. Bonaparte delighted in affiming the sovereignty of the people, but in his mind the people were a sovereign, like Voltair's God, who created the world but never thereafter interfered in it. He clearly saw that a government's authority when it was held to represent the entire nation. In the weeks after Brumaire he held a referendum on a new constitution. The people could take it or leave it. They overwhelmingly chose to take it.
The constitution set up a make-believe series of parliamentary institutions which quickly fell into disuse. The regime did not represented anyone, and that was its strength, because it provoked less opposition. Abroad, the Russians withdrew from the war and the Austrians were again defeated. At home Napoleon reformed the government and restored order where all others had failed, the rebels at Vendée were put down, laws and taxes were enforced, a general amnesty was granted to exiles of all stripes, from émigrés to republicans, on the condition that they would stop quarreling with each other. Napoleon staffed his administration with both royalists and republicans, made peace with the pope, thereby end the schism. For the first time in ten years the government was collecting taxes and stability was restored.
With the Consulate, the revolution was over. If the highest hopes of the revolution had not been accomplished, many of the worst inequities and inefficiencies of the Old Regime had atleast been cured. The middle class felt secure with its victory and former aristocrats were beginning to accept the new system. The working class movement, which had been repeatedly frustrated during the revolution would reappear thirty years later.
Source:
R.R Palmer, A History of Europe in the Modern World.
After the constitution of 1791 the new constitutional monarchy focussed on new economical policies and land reform. It confiscated church lands in return for assignats, first regarded as bonds and later paper currency. The land was then sold to wealthy members of the middle class and wealthy farmers. Due to various reasons the poor couldn't take advantage of this (large, undiveded and expensive plots, far away auctions, ect). Peasants also had to pay compensation and were very much against some of the ideas against communal village lands. These reforms were very focussed on economical individualism. Guilds and labor union like organizations were also abolished, for various reasons. This "freedom of work" (because one didn't need to become part of a restrictive guild to join an occupation) was very unpopular and led to enormous labor issues and strikes.
Meanwhile a new national identity was constructed by creating new national symbols and getting rid of old ones belonging to the monarchy or the church. Think, liberty trees, caps, colors, festivals, songs, Marianne, ect.
The Assembly quarreled with the church of the confiscation of property and the loss of the tithe (which ruined church organized charity and eduction for the lower classes). The Assembly also tried to make the church subordinate to the state, not on purpose, but simply due to the other changes. It now needed government funding in order to maintain its churches and schools for example. Any way they attempted to set up a national church bound to the government and in line with the ideals of the revolution, the French church dragged its feet, so the government appealed to the Pope, who denounced the entire revolution instead. This led to a church schism and drove most French catholics into the hands of the pope, undoing centuries of Gallican Liberties along the way.
Despite popular believe, the European monarchies were reluctant to get involved with the affairs of France, even as the philosofical debate raged across the continent. Conflict began with the declaration of Pillnitz, which was made by Leopold II of Austria in order to be a meaningless statement in order to appease the French émigrés who fled France. It promised an intervention only if all european powers agreed on it, which was never going to happen. The French émigrés were delighted and ran with it announcingthat they would return with an army at they back to right all wrongs dealt to them. The declaration enraged the French against the monarchies of Europe and pushed the Girondins in power, who wanted to export the revolution to neighbouring countries in order to distract from problems at home. Meanwhile the remaining royalists were also in favor, because they believed a war might restore the damaged reputation of the king. Dreading the return of the old regime France declare dwar on "the King of Hungary and Bohemia."
The war intensfied the internal unrest in France, the Assembly had done little for the lower classes. The émigrés had taken most of the gold with the as they fled the country, assignats had become the sole remaining currency, prices soared, and due to political instability the assignats quickly lost their value. This combined with scarcity in food cause prices to rise. But even so, when treatened with the return of the old regime and the return of the émigrés and all it would imply, the working classes rallied to the revolution, but not the government in power because it lacked the confidence of large elements of the population. In addition, the war went badly at first, Prussia joined Austria immediately. They declared the Brunswick Manifesto in the summer of 1792, demanding the safety of the French royal family. This caused the people of France to identify the king with the invading powers and they turned against him because they could not trust him and was playing both sides. Recruits gathering in Paris and the local lower classes stormed the palace, killed the local detachment of the Swiss Guard, proclaimed the Commune of Paris and usurped the power of the Assembly. Anarchy reigned in Paris and a new national government was formed.
Meanwhile the disorganized French armies won their first victory and managed to drive the Prussians back. They continued to occupy Belgium, Savoy and the left bank of the Rhine. The new National Convention decreed assistance to all people wishing to recover their libery and ordered the generals to dissolve the old order in all occupied territories, confiscating govenment and church property, abolishing tithes, hunting rights, and dues and set up provincial administrations. This spurred the British and Dutch intervention in the war in 1793. Meanwhile, Prussia, Austria and Russia were distracted with the partition of Poland. The infant French Republic was now at war with all of Europe.
Meanwhile a faction of the Girondins, known as "the mountain" rose in popularity. This new faction owed their support to the most radical and popular elements in Paris. They focussed most of their attention on the needs of the lower classes and (correctly) denounced the desposed royal family of collusion with the Austians. They also favored a more direct democracy and began thinking of leading the masses against the Convention itself. Still they would work with the Girondins during the emergency. The king meanwhile, was sentenced to death.
In April 1793 the popular general Dumouriez, who had won the victories in Belgium, defected to Austria. The French we driven from Belgium and invasion agains seemed imminent. Counter-Revolutionaries rejoiced, from revolutionaries came the cry: "We have been betrayed!". Prices continued to climb, currency fell, food was getting harder to get, and the working classes were growing restless. They demanded price controls, currency controls, rationing, anti-hoarding laws and increased requisitioning to increase the flow of goods. They denounced the bourgeois traders as profiteers. The Mountain went along, the Girondins resisted and were ousted from power and arrested by a mob.
The Mountain ruled the Convention, but the Convention ruled little. Foreign armies were again invading France. in the west, in Vendée, the Peasants revolted against military conscription, inspired by refractory priests, British agents and royalist emissaries. The great provincial cities were also in revolt, Lyons, Bordeaux, Marseilles and others, partially inspired by Girondin remnants, they demanded a more federal and decentralized republic. They despised the ascendancy of Paris and wanted to return to the regional independence they had experienced during the old regime. These revolts became counterrevolutionary because they were the ones that flocked to assist them. The Convention was also threatened on the Left. The Mountain had inspired even more excited militants called enragés. These enragés declared parliamentary methodes useless and formed revolutionary armies throughout the country that scoured the rural areas for food, denounced counterrevolutionaries and preached the ideals of the revolution.
Within this madness, one of the least understood figures in history rose to power in the Convention.
Robespierre.
Robespierre launched a program to repress the anarchy, civil strife in the country, as well as the counterrevolution. He also prepared a constitution for a govenment not reliant on the Commune of Paris. With this in mind, the Comittee of Public Safety was founded. The Comittee itself set up a reign of terror under its revolutionary courts, this was an alternative to the earlier lynch laws and anarchy that produced the September massacres. It's victims were royalists, early revolutionaries, innocents and even members of the Mountain in the end. Most deaths were in places that had openly revolted against the Convention, such as Vendée. 40.000 people reportedly died during the terror, which in the end devolved into a kind of selfperpetuating mess of revolutionary violence.
The Committee operated as a joint dictatorship and war cabinet. It prepared and guided legislation, sent attaché to the armies, spread bulletins of laws to people knew which laws they were supposed to follow. It centralized the administration and decreed the Levée en Masse, calling on all able bodied men to join the army and all others to serve the nation in any way they could. Most scientist worked or were protected by the Committee. The Committee also introduced economic controls which had been demanded by the enragés. The value of the assignats ceased to fall. This way, the Committee protected the purchasing power of itself and the masses. By introducing anti-hoarding laws, controling the export of gold, confiscating specie and currency and repaying people with assignats, it had stabilized the economy. Food and supplies for army and towns were raised by a system of requisitions, it worked , but not very well and the Committee angered many by keeping down wages. The Committee also produced a constitution, which was to be adopted when the emergency was over.
Meanwhile the revolutionaries escalated even more. The party of the extreme revolution, the Hébertines, gathered traction. Denouncing all merchants and boureoisie, they believed all religion to be counterrevolutionary and wanted to dechristianise France. Presured by the Hébertines, in an attempt to please both Catholics and the Hébertines, Robespierre concieved the cult of the Supreme being. An act the alienated both sides and played an important part in his fall from grace.
Afterwards the Committee cracked down on the Hébertines, the revolutionary armies were supressed, the Commune of Paris destroyed. The Mountain underwent another purge, this time the right wing Dantonists were destroyed. The working class leaders became disillusioned with the revolution, and felt that it no longer served their interests.
In spite of this, by spring 1794 the French Republic possessed an army of 800.000 men, the largest army ever raised by a European power. It was a national army representing a people at arms, commanded by officers promoted by merrit and composed of troops whol felt themselves citizens fighting for their own cause. Its intense political-mindedness made it more formidable and contrasted strongly with the indifference of the opposing troops, some of whom were serfs and none of whom had any sense of of membership to their own political systems.
The allied forced could not combine their might against France, each pursuing their own interests. Within six months French had reconquered Belguim and their cavalry rode into Amsterdam on the ice. The old Dutch provinces ended and were reformed into the Batavian Republic. In the east, Kosciusko's revolution in Poland was crushed by Russian and Prussian troops. These successes made the French less willing to put up with Robespierre, who had alienated all significant parties, and was guillotined on July 28 1794.
The fall of Robespierre stunned the nation, the Committee lost part of its power, Price controls and regulations were removed. Inflation resumed its course, prices agains rose, and the disoriented and leaderless working classes suffered more than ever. Again revolts broke out, one of which dispersed the Convention by force, troops were recalled to Paris, the uprising was crushed and thousands were deported. In the end, it were the bourgeois and nouveaux riches who stood triumphant. These Thermidorians purged many ex-Jacobins, but had not lost faith in the revolution, even if they believed democracy tainted by red terror and mob rule. They still believed in individuel rights and a written constitution. The new Convention made a seperate peace with Spain and Prussia and a new constitution was established.
The new constitution led to the creation of the Directory in 1795, which was the first formally constituted French Republic. It was politically weak and vulnerable because it rested on a narrow social base. It was also bound by certain military conquests, such as Belgium, which were now considered constitutionally incorporated into France even though they had yet to be ceded by the Habsburgs, nor had the British accepted these occupations. It gave people the right to vote, but only for electors, it had and upper and lower chamber, and five directors. It was dominated by a small amount of property owners, rural and urban. In order to defend the revolution form counterrevolutionaries, two thirds of both the initial upper and lower house had to have served in the Convention. This interverence with the freedom of election led to several royalist uprisings in Paris, which were supressed by a young general named Bonapart on the orders of the Convention. The new Republic was dependent on military protection form the start.
Like its predecessors, the new Republic was beset by enemies left and right. On the right, royalists agitated against the government. Their greatest handicap being the would be king Louis XVIII, who continued to announce his intent to completely restore the Old Regime. So it was said that the Bourbons "learned nothing and forgot nothing". Many in France did not adhere to the Republic, but merely to any system that could shut out the Bourbons and the privileged nobility. On the left, many favored the democratic ideals of the revolution. A tiny group under "Gracchus" Badeuf wished to overthrow the Directory and abolish all property. Dadeuf was Guillotined by the Directory, meanwhile the lower classes were ignored and continued to suffer from the ravages of inflation and scarcity.
During the first free elections in 1797, the royalists were the clear victors. This was something the republicans and the regicides could not endure. Nor was it endurable to General Napoleon Bonapart. Napoleon had gained command of an army in 1796 and in two brilliant campaigns had crushed the Austrians in Italy. Soon, like all generals, he had become independent of the government in Paris, which was in no financial state to pay its troops or supply them. Napoleon became self-supporting, made the government in Paris dependent on him and developed a foreign policy of his own. He rallied the Italians to his cause and established a republic modelled on the French system in the Po Valley. The Directory intended to return Milan to Austria as compensation for the conquest of Belgium, but Bonapart instisted that the Republic needed to hold its position in both Belgium and Italy. He needed the Republicans in power, because the Royalists and the restored king could easily return the conquered lands and leave both the sister republics in the Netherlands and Italy to their fates. Was peace dear enough to be purchased by a return of the old regime as proclaimed by Louis XVIII?
England, meanwhile was poised to make peace with France. The war had gone badly, it suffered from severe political instability and had revoked habeas corpus in order to contain revolts. Crops were bad and bread was scarce and costly, inflation was rising due to loans to support the war effort, most of the gold had been sent to the continent in order to finance its allies, famine threatened, the population was restless, and there were mutinies in the fleet. Ireland was in open rebellion and the Austrians were routed.
In France, the Royalists were the party of peace. The Republicans were bound by the constitution to protect it's conquests and they were losing control of their generals.
All this led to the coup d'etat of Fructidor in september 1797, the turning point for the Republic. The Directory asked Bonaparte for help, who sent one of his generals, Augereau, to Paris. Augereau and his men stood guard as the Directory annulled the results of the election of the previous spring. The old Republicans secured themselfs into power, under the justification that they were defending the constitution and preventing the return of Louis XVIII and the Old Regime. But in doing so violated their own constitution and quashed the first free election ever held in the French Republic. The "new" government broke off negotiations with England, but signed peace with Austria.
The following months the revolution spread through Italy, creating many new republics based on the French model. In Germany the disposed nobility from the left bank of the Rhine was compensated by church territories on the east of the Rhine, signaling the start of the reconstruction of Germany. The Empire sank to the level of a land rush or real estate speculation.
After Fructidor the idea of maintaining the republic as a constitutional goverment was given up. There were more uprisings, more quashed elections, more purges of the left and right. The Directory turned into a ineffective dictatorship. It failed to restore financial confidene or stability, guerrila activity flared up again in Vendée and western France, and the religious schism became more extreme. Meanwhile, Napoleon returned from Italy a hero. He received command of an army training to invade England, but concluded it was too early to invade and decided to strike at England indirectly by invading Egypt. This alarmed the Russians, who had their own ambitions in the region. At the same time the Austrians became increasingly opposed to the French rearrangement of Germany. This led to the creation of the Second Coalition. Realizing the threat, Napoleon left his army in Egypt and returned to France. There he discovered that members of the Directory were planning a coup in order to restore order, however they still needed support from the army.
On November 9 1799, armed soldiers under the leaderschip of Bonapart drove the legislators from the chambers in what was later called the coup d'etat of Brumaire. They proclaimed a new Republic, which Bonaparte entitled the Consulate.
It happened that the French Republic, falling into the hands of a general, fell also to a man whom many of his contemporaries and some later historians viewed as a "genius" or a "great man". Under the Consulate France reverted to a form a enlightened despotism and Bonaparte may be thought of as the last and most eminent of the enlightened despots. Self-government through elected bodies was ruthlessly pushed aside. Bonaparte delighted in affiming the sovereignty of the people, but in his mind the people were a sovereign, like Voltair's God, who created the world but never thereafter interfered in it. He clearly saw that a government's authority when it was held to represent the entire nation. In the weeks after Brumaire he held a referendum on a new constitution. The people could take it or leave it. They overwhelmingly chose to take it.
The constitution set up a make-believe series of parliamentary institutions which quickly fell into disuse. The regime did not represented anyone, and that was its strength, because it provoked less opposition. Abroad, the Russians withdrew from the war and the Austrians were again defeated. At home Napoleon reformed the government and restored order where all others had failed, the rebels at Vendée were put down, laws and taxes were enforced, a general amnesty was granted to exiles of all stripes, from émigrés to republicans, on the condition that they would stop quarreling with each other. Napoleon staffed his administration with both royalists and republicans, made peace with the pope, thereby end the schism. For the first time in ten years the government was collecting taxes and stability was restored.
With the Consulate, the revolution was over. If the highest hopes of the revolution had not been accomplished, many of the worst inequities and inefficiencies of the Old Regime had atleast been cured. The middle class felt secure with its victory and former aristocrats were beginning to accept the new system. The working class movement, which had been repeatedly frustrated during the revolution would reappear thirty years later.
Source:
R.R Palmer, A History of Europe in the Modern World.
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- Location
- madison
yes. I'm sure the navel focused power we'd have to take those cities from, who live on a nearby island would absolutely love that border being an ocean. it would make fucking us up so much easier for them.
- Location
- Hell
Anyway, something that was brought up on Discord is that eating up Kyberia allows us more direct contact with Hung, who called us "A+ Barbarians, would send princesses to if were closer"
So there is something else we can do there.
EDIT: *Sees edit*
It is copypasta, you sly fox. I almost fell for it.
So there is something else we can do there.
This feels almost copypasta from your curriculum
EDIT: *Sees edit*
It is copypasta, you sly fox. I almost fell for it.
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When has that ever helped against the Japanese?
Umi-san
Procrastinating.
- Location
- ꙮ
*looks at the tiny island of Japan* *looks at the shitton of forests in Siberia* Invest in some ships of our own?
- Location
- Mists of Albion
Hung wanted Not! Korea, we want the rest of Kyberia. We are master diplomats. They class us as A+ Barbarians.
The Result?
I was already advocating an Anti-Nohon Hung/Gylruv Alliance. This would allow our troops to be supplied by our allies instead of our stretched supply lines and thus our massive armies potential can be more easily brought to bear.
So now we need to build a whole new fleet just to protect the thing we took because we wanted a more defensible border.
Might still be worth it, but would leasing some piers really be that bad?
- Location
- madison
I'm sure everyone else will be very understanding about how we need to keep a big chunk of our navy busy on the other side of the world, and they would not dare impose by taking advantage.
Umi-san
Procrastinating.
- Location
- ꙮ
Owning rather than renting piers means we can invest in naval technology & military bases in that section of the pacific with lowered risk of espionage.
Owning rather than renting piers means we don't need to constantly leak econ back to them.
Owning rather than renting piers means that we can more easily scale the supply of piers with the growth of our trade & fishing industries.
Owning rather than renting sea-land means that we can more easily establish attractive cities buffered in temperature by the ocean in which to build manufacturing plants, academies, etc.
Owning rather than renting sea-land will help reduce cross-border smuggling et al because using radar to detect ships is easier than using people to detect people in the middle of a frozen forest. (which ignores the extensive-ass border w/ the Hung because that would already exist)
Edit 1:
Build more navy? Or be, say, more proud of our much-praised diplomacy?
Y'all are concerned about pacific rather than mediterranean or indian trade anyways.
Edit 2:
Med: Biggest concern for us in the mediterranean is Trell, which is mostly solved by star forts. Decent relations with the K make attacks on that segment of our border less likely.
Indian: Potential piracy by non-Nohon ships, but a) that's an existing threat, b) our pacific ships can sail to reach them, c) trade may shift to our pacific ports anyways.
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- Location
- Hell
Considering it is new navy, not really much of a difference
A sudden change in ratio does not change a darn thing, we would still have a part of our navy patrolling Ymaryn waters.
Either way, this is all midterm planning, we still want the land before we get there anyway, so just focus on that.
Vote Tally : Original - Paths of Civilization II: Paths of Industrialization | Page 20 | Sufficient Velocity [Posts: 481-742]
##### NetTally 1.9.9
Task: Kyberi
[47][Kyberi] 1 PW - Send in proper negotiators and scholars to sort it all out (-1 Temp Happiness, +1 Temp Consciousness, situation resolved, ???)
Task: Crisis
[30][Crisis] 1 PW - Send aid to the Kielmyr (-1 temp SoL, +1 Temp Trust)
[15][Crisis] 0 PW - Remain neutral and watch (-1 Temp Trust)
[1][Crisis] 2 PW - Declare war on the Tortun Republic (+1 Prestige, declare war on Tortun Republic, Ochruhr aligned segments of Tortun likely to declare war on you or otherwise demand reparations for insult)
[1][Crisis] 3 PW - Declare war for the Tortun Republic (declare war on Ochruhr, -2 Trust, +1 Consciousness, anti-Republican forces break ties with you, Kielmyr likely declare war on you)
Task: Paying
[45][Paying] 0 PW - Bank and Business Fun
-[27][Paying] +1 Temp IC
-[21][Paying] +1 Temp SoL
-[5][Paying] +1 PW + promises
[1][Paying] No need for change
Total No. of Voters: 48
- Location
- UK
What I think people are missing is that securing warm water ports in the Pacific is a long-term ambition. It is not the case that as soon as we touch tips with Nohon that we're going to flip our shit and hit the big red button to declare war. That would be a serious strategic error. The reason many want to claim Kyberia so early on is so that we can develop it as soon as possible and developing it is whats necessary to shorten our supply lines. If we have industrial centres spread across all of our territories and not just concentrated in our not!European holdings then the issues surrounding our supply lines will be mitigated.
Furthermore, people assume that we want to kill them now, as a proponent of Kyberian expansion I can safely say that I don't want that to be the case but our sole link to the Monsoon Sea is at risk of being easily blockaded by any serious naval engagement that goes sour. In the long term we cannot allow that to happen, we have a warm water port but we must ensure that the Dual Monarchy has a strategic dynamism to respond to any potential threat. Be that a blockade of the Trelli Straits or our access to the monsoon sea.
The material wealth in otl!Siberia is astounding, if it could be reliably exploited by Russia it would propel them to a superpower status on par with the USA and China, yet they cannot effectively exploit it due to a diminishing population, relatively poor education and a deeply corrupt and inept state shackled by kleptocrats. The Glyruv-Ymaryn Dual Monarchy has the relevant backgrounds in administration, population and education to counter all these problems that Russia has had. A lot of Russia's problems came with their poor adoption of modern techniques yet SV and the nation we've built is not adverse to this. As long as every turn or every other turn we claim Kyberian land until we can no longer do so that will be fine by me.
Furthermore we should look to strengthen ties with the Hung as soon as our land borders touch, they seem more than willing to be allied with us and I would not trade up an alliance, friendship or cordial relationship with what could be either the strongest industrial power or an area of interest to exploit should they follow China's fall in the 19th and 20th centuries. Furthermore the more we gain favour with them they may be willing to let us attack Nohon who they have as a tributary.
The Pacific ocean is not a shiny it is something more than that, it gives us unrestricted access to trade with Mahaxia rather than having to source goods from there through Nohon ports (and all the tariffs and charges that would occur for our eastern Kyberian provinces) or waiting for ships to cross the Monsoon Sea (which in wartime presents an extra risk).
Furthermore, as I've mentioned claiming the Kyberian land allows us to develop it a lot earlier and more intensely than Russian did ala the American Midwest and Pacific when they manifest destinied the NA continent. When we do that it will lessen the problems we will face in the future with regards to moving troops and building infrastructure in the area. Do note that it was Russian in WW2 that had Japan on the backfoot and nervous, not the other way around.
As I've mentioned and I'm sure many others like you and myself war with Nihon is not necessary immediately we can wait until we get trains and develop Kyberia but what I want to note is that Geography ultimately defines Geopolitics. The fact that we occupy a relatively similar position to Russia means we must adopt a relatively similar Geostrategic outlook. Look throughout history and you will see how often geography can help define relationships between nations. The constant wars between the Romans and the Persians over the fertile crescent. If those lands were all mountains the wars would have been no doubt less numerous. The German diplomacy of the 19th and 20th century advocated neutralising France and Russia as enemies either through diplomacy or preemptive wars as the northern European plain meant that those powers if allied could run roughshod over Germany as there was little in the way in terms of natural barriers. I wouldn't demean those who advocate policy based on the Russians who occupy a similar position to us. We whilst securing what they could not (in terms of warm water ports) should not rest on our laurels and should consistently strengthen our hand. The Hung and the Black Sheep represent potential good allies for us in the east and we should look to promote them as allies whilst also guarding our interests.
Boats cannot walk on land, once we've secured Kyberia from Nihon in the future they will be highly unlikely to be able to take the land back, especially as we settle the area and develop it. An alliance with the Hung and if necessary sharing naval technology with them will allow us in the future to counter the Nihon, especially as it is likely the Hung will want not!Korea.
We would not use our Baltic and Black Sea navies to fight Nihon, we would use our Monsoon and Pacific fleets if we wanted to engage them. And again we wouldn't enter the wars alone, anyone who enters into a fight without the odds stacked in their favour is a fool. So if we're going to fight Nihon we secure our western borders diplomatically, develop Kyberia, isolate Nihon from Hung, assist the Hung in a naval program and then we fight.
Furthermore, people assume that we want to kill them now, as a proponent of Kyberian expansion I can safely say that I don't want that to be the case but our sole link to the Monsoon Sea is at risk of being easily blockaded by any serious naval engagement that goes sour. In the long term we cannot allow that to happen, we have a warm water port but we must ensure that the Dual Monarchy has a strategic dynamism to respond to any potential threat. Be that a blockade of the Trelli Straits or our access to the monsoon sea.
The material wealth in otl!Siberia is astounding, if it could be reliably exploited by Russia it would propel them to a superpower status on par with the USA and China, yet they cannot effectively exploit it due to a diminishing population, relatively poor education and a deeply corrupt and inept state shackled by kleptocrats. The Glyruv-Ymaryn Dual Monarchy has the relevant backgrounds in administration, population and education to counter all these problems that Russia has had. A lot of Russia's problems came with their poor adoption of modern techniques yet SV and the nation we've built is not adverse to this. As long as every turn or every other turn we claim Kyberian land until we can no longer do so that will be fine by me.
Furthermore we should look to strengthen ties with the Hung as soon as our land borders touch, they seem more than willing to be allied with us and I would not trade up an alliance, friendship or cordial relationship with what could be either the strongest industrial power or an area of interest to exploit should they follow China's fall in the 19th and 20th centuries. Furthermore the more we gain favour with them they may be willing to let us attack Nohon who they have as a tributary.
The Pacific ocean is not a shiny it is something more than that, it gives us unrestricted access to trade with Mahaxia rather than having to source goods from there through Nohon ports (and all the tariffs and charges that would occur for our eastern Kyberian provinces) or waiting for ships to cross the Monsoon Sea (which in wartime presents an extra risk).
Furthermore, as I've mentioned claiming the Kyberian land allows us to develop it a lot earlier and more intensely than Russian did ala the American Midwest and Pacific when they manifest destinied the NA continent. When we do that it will lessen the problems we will face in the future with regards to moving troops and building infrastructure in the area. Do note that it was Russian in WW2 that had Japan on the backfoot and nervous, not the other way around.
As I've mentioned and I'm sure many others like you and myself war with Nihon is not necessary immediately we can wait until we get trains and develop Kyberia but what I want to note is that Geography ultimately defines Geopolitics. The fact that we occupy a relatively similar position to Russia means we must adopt a relatively similar Geostrategic outlook. Look throughout history and you will see how often geography can help define relationships between nations. The constant wars between the Romans and the Persians over the fertile crescent. If those lands were all mountains the wars would have been no doubt less numerous. The German diplomacy of the 19th and 20th century advocated neutralising France and Russia as enemies either through diplomacy or preemptive wars as the northern European plain meant that those powers if allied could run roughshod over Germany as there was little in the way in terms of natural barriers. I wouldn't demean those who advocate policy based on the Russians who occupy a similar position to us. We whilst securing what they could not (in terms of warm water ports) should not rest on our laurels and should consistently strengthen our hand. The Hung and the Black Sheep represent potential good allies for us in the east and we should look to promote them as allies whilst also guarding our interests.
Boats cannot walk on land, once we've secured Kyberia from Nihon in the future they will be highly unlikely to be able to take the land back, especially as we settle the area and develop it. An alliance with the Hung and if necessary sharing naval technology with them will allow us in the future to counter the Nihon, especially as it is likely the Hung will want not!Korea.
We would not use our Baltic and Black Sea navies to fight Nihon, we would use our Monsoon and Pacific fleets if we wanted to engage them. And again we wouldn't enter the wars alone, anyone who enters into a fight without the odds stacked in their favour is a fool. So if we're going to fight Nihon we secure our western borders diplomatically, develop Kyberia, isolate Nihon from Hung, assist the Hung in a naval program and then we fight.
- Location
- Hell
[X][Kyberi] 1 PW - Send in proper negotiators and scholars to sort it all out (-1 Temp Happiness, +1 Temp Consciousness, situation resolved, ???)
[X][Crisis] 0 PW - Remain neutral and watch (-1 Temp Trust)
[X][Paying] 0 PW - Bank and Business Fun
-[X][Paying] +1 Temp SoL
Also, I was convinced to go for the SoL rather than the IC
[X][Crisis] 0 PW - Remain neutral and watch (-1 Temp Trust)
[X][Paying] 0 PW - Bank and Business Fun
-[X][Paying] +1 Temp SoL
Also, I was convinced to go for the SoL rather than the IC
VoidZero
Passing Flan 布丁魔王
- Location
- Anywhere but RL
Worked against the Khan and his band of conquerors twice, and against China in general as ocean is a great deterrent against land power.
Having good navy also means free goods for are open to plunder.