Great Wonders of the Modern Era : The Stalingrad Hydro-Industrial Complex
In this series, we explore the greatest feats of industrial engineering. From Space Station Freedom to the Continental Highspeed Railway, we have explored the history, construction and future of America's modern wonders. But on this very special episode, we're leaving america behind and are heading to the Soviet Union. Our crew has gained an unprecedented look behind the Iron Curtain, with access to never before seen footage, documents and history of one of the Soviet's greatest closed cities : Stalingrad.
Though most famous for the pivotal role it played in the second world war (or the Great Patriotic War, as it is known in the Soviet Union), our story begins in the year 1928. The New Economic Policy has just been declared a failure, the Soviet experiment with what they considered capitalism failing under onerous regulation and bureaucratic sanctions. Instead, the economy would now be directed by the central planning bureau, enabling a swift industrialization that would transfer Soviet Union from an agricultural nation to an industrial juggernaut. With the start of the first five year plan, ambitious goals were set , and the Soviet union set it's first steps on the bloody path of modernization.
Under the leadership of Sergo Ordzhonikidze, the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy charts the course of the modernization. Agriculture is to be modernized, and so with the stroke of a pen the lives of hundred of thousands of peasants are changed forever. Stalingrad is designated as the central supplier of agricultural equipment, over the coming decades it's famous tractor factories would supply nearly 40% of agricultural equipment working on Soviet fields. In order to allow further expansion, Sergo also drew up another idea, which even today forms the center of Stalingrad. The great Stalingrad Hydropower Station.
Though initially scheduled for completion under the first 5 year plan, the Stalingrad Hydropower plant would only be completed in June 1933, under Sergo's succesor. Tens of thousands of people worked on the elaborate network of retaining dams and underwater channels that redirect the stream of the Volga, including many divisions of the controversial NKPS labor programmed. Though Soviet records note that casualties during construction where "expected given circumstances" local stories and international rumors talk about the spirits of those who died in the tunnels, something which is still frowned upon in the strictly atheistic union. Curiously enough for such a wonder of Soviet engineering, the Stalingrad dam had american technology at it's heart. It's powerful turbines were originally slated for use on several smaller US hydropower projects, and were bought and moved to the Soviet Union as those failed in the wake of economic depression.
Though highly publicized, most of the dam's production capacity laid idle for the next few years. It was not until several years that the Five year plans returned to Stalingrad. While the first plan saw Stalingrad as a center for agricultural mechanization, the second plan saw entirely different sort of mechanization. Great refineries were build for aluminum and other materials, feeding new factories from which emerged tanks and trucks for the war effort. Soon, the great hydropower station was supplemented by coal fired generators, powering a chemical industry that supplied the Red army with explosives, ammunition but also rare materials such as synthethic rubbers.
All this made the city an interesting target for the Nazis, but although the city was besieged for months, the nazi forces would never enter it. Heavily damaged by shelling, the dam (and the city) nonetheless continued their vital supplies for the war effort. Tanks and other vehicles were finished even as artillery shells rained down around the factory hall, soldiers leaving directly for the battlefield after having just finished building their own vehicles.
In the post-war era, Stalingrad received a new function. The hydropower plants were renewed and refurbished, large Soviet build turbines replacing the patchwork network of smaller American equipment. With new power and a refurbished city, the central plan called for a further specialization of the city into metal refining and chemical production. These days, it is one of the Soviet Union's largest petrochemical centers. In order to secure the future, it also home to a wide array of research facilities, developing new plastics and materials for further construction. The advanced solar cells that powered the Mir space laboratory saw their origin in Stalingrad.
Even so, the future is uncertain. With the introduction of new technologies, and the Soviet Union's strategic shift to nuclear power generation, Stalingrad's mighty dam and petrochemical industry threaten to lose their strategic relevance. Even so, the workers are not worried. "The Union built this place" they say "They have planned it's future".