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To summarize:

  1. A government that wants to benefit from a strong industry or Wright's Law cost declines in a industry must keep that industry domestic and competitive.
  2. Countries and regions that want to develop a strong community of engineering practice should not respect either intellectual property or non-compete agreements.
  3. Since so much of industrial experience curves are about tacit knowledge, an aggressive program to poach talent and protect talent is critical to developing the industry.
These policies may not be the best for innovation at the frontier - indeed, the entire existence of intellectual property is "without patents there would be no incentive to invest in basic or near-basic commercial research" - but these policies are what works for creating communities of engineering practice, which unlocks learning-by-doing or experience curves.

A strong and well reasoned analysis.

I remember reading some years back about the degree of talent concentration in Southern China, where scale of production and talent available meant there was a whole city of one and a half million that specialized just in sock production. The article was pointing out that this gave China a significant competitive advantage in a product that had until recently been considered to be a mature field.

3)Reminder that batteries are not the only or even best way to do energy storage. People tend to ignore the good old Pumped Hydro. Then again, I imagine it would not benefit from Wright's Law.

There are a limited amount of places where pumped hydro can be located as you need both a suitable change in elevation, a large enough area at the top of the elevated area and plenty of water in the area.

I think the only technology that is as scalable as the lithium ion battery are other kinds of battery (which suffer because they are different technologies that cannot benefit from investment into lithium ion infrastructure and advancements) or cryogenic energy storage (which has the same downsides).

As such, considering that the locations suitable for pumped hydro storage are almost maxed out even now, I expect that lithium ion batteries will dominate in the near future and possibly the quite distant future. There's no other technologies which offer as many advantages to portable electronics and car batteries.

The only upset I can see is if the lithium supply turns out to be too limited to cover bulk storage and portable storage, but I'm not sure how soon we'll see that. There's alot of money being plowed into setting up lithium mines at the moment.

Regards,

fasquardon
 
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3)Reminder that batteries are not the only or even best way to do energy storage. People tend to ignore the good old Pumped Hydro. Then again, I imagine it would not benefit from Wright's Law.
Also, batteries are very relevant to the problem of machines, because having all the pumped hydro storage in the world doesn't help much for purposes of getting your car or flying drone to run. What matters there is being able to cram energy into a storage medium into the chassis that is competitive in weight, bulk, and safety when compared to the fuel tank of an internal combustion engine.

Also, pumped hydro storage has some sizeable ecosystem-scale impact if you implement it on a big enough level.

I'm starting to come around on it. Various people have made some persuasive arguments that there exist use cases for impoverished nations that cannot reliably count on ground infrastructure. Of course, it would need to be balanced in the budget against ground infrastructure development, healthcare projects, and industrial development, to name a few, all underneath the crushing weight of military procurement.

It's unlikely to be a priority of the Johnson administration. But there might be a place for a limited run to inland regions that the rail network has yet to reach.
I'd imagine it mainly being a cargo thing, and showing up most interestingly as a foreign thing- as in "this is how to get those 150-ton wind turbine nacelles get delivered to us from New York or California."

Not something the CFC would bother to develop for itself, any more than we're likely to be building our own fighter aircraft as opposed to foreign purchases or at most assembly from foreign parts.
 
There are a limited amount of places where pumped hydro can be located as you need both a suitable change in elevation, a large enough area at the top of the elevated area and plenty of water in the area.
now I haven't actually read this page fully, but it mentions a 600.000 suitable locations. And I remember reading a couple other articles mentioning that in the last year or two there have been a LOT of potentially valid locations found that contradicts the "we maxed out on good locations" previous conclusion.

It certainly wouldn't be good or the best option everywhere, but it certainly is worth considering.

In regards to non-lithium batteries... I imagine it's a matter of time scales. Give it a couple of decades and I can easily imagine multiple new types of batteries becoming mature. We certianly hear about many different combinations of materials being in the prototype or early commercialization stage recently, though many of them still use lithium.


EDIT: I won't comment on the ecosystem-scale impact thing, except to say that... everything has an impact. I mean, mining isn't exactly pollution free, and I think I've read lithium mining in particular consumes a LOT of water too, among other things.
 
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now I haven't actually read this page fully, but it mentions a 600.000 suitable locations. And I remember reading a couple other articles mentioning that in the last year or two there have been a LOT of potentially valid locations found that contradicts the "we maxed out on good locations" previous conclusion.

More impressive to me is "combined storage potential of 23,000 TWh". I couldn't see where these reservoirs were supposed to get their fresh water though. Maybe that's why I've seen people say pumped hydro is close to its limit? Or maybe I've been taken in by the battery lobby.

Though thinking about where the fresh water comes from... I wonder how practical it would be to store energy in an osmotic gradient. We're getting better and better at desalinating water with reverse osmosis, could one run that in reverse with good full cycle efficiency?

Anyway, I certainly hope these authors are right and that pumped hydro can be scaled up this far. I do note with sadness that of the potential sites for pumped hydro storage, little of them are in the CFC's part of North America. Clearly, we must take the Appalachians soon!

Regards,

fasquardon
 
More impressive to me is "combined storage potential of 23,000 TWh". I couldn't see where these reservoirs were supposed to get their fresh water though. Maybe that's why I've seen people say pumped hydro is close to its limit? Or maybe I've been taken in by the battery lobby.
As far as I understand many of these findings have been relatively recent (last couple of years), so it's not that weird you missed it.

And there's definitely some level of "pumped hydro is old and boring, while there's a new kind of battery announced every couple of months that's NEW and EXCITING".

on a side note... does it HAVE to be freshwater? if you're not too far away from the coastline couldn't you potentially pump sea/ocean water?

in any case obviously pumped hydro is limited by geography and it's a large scale thing, while batteries can come in all sizes and configurations. From what I understand it's still possibly the most cost-efficient option on the largest scale though, though in the context of Wright's Law I can imagine batteries going down in price much faster.
 
Also, batteries are very relevant to the problem of machines, because having all the pumped hydro storage in the world doesn't help much for purposes of getting your car or flying drone to run. What matters there is being able to cram energy into a storage medium into the chassis that is competitive in weight, bulk, and safety when compared to the fuel tank of an internal combustion engine.

Also, pumped hydro storage has some sizeable ecosystem-scale impact if you implement it on a big enough level.

I'd imagine it mainly being a cargo thing, and showing up most interestingly as a foreign thing- as in "this is how to get those 150-ton wind turbine nacelles get delivered to us from New York or California."

Not something the CFC would bother to develop for itself, any more than we're likely to be building our own fighter aircraft as opposed to foreign purchases or at most assembly from foreign parts.
But there the issue becomes that the CFC is constantly issuing loud and specific announcements about their detailed plans to take extensive and specific measures to A) remove the infrastructure situation that gives airships their niche, and B) prepare for a total-mobilization existential war within the decade. Meaning that while it is a short-term boon that Johnson might welcome, foreign investors will need to accept an extravagant amount of risk and market volatility.

Not to say that nobody will. Where there's a dollar, somebody will grab it, and at least some people will put money on you failing to close the market niche. But I don't see swarms of airships on the horizon from a dozen competing companies attempting to win your favor with low prices in your future, not that I imagine you were expecting any. :D
 
But there the issue becomes that the CFC is constantly issuing loud and specific announcements about their detailed plans to take extensive and specific measures to A) remove the infrastructure situation that gives airships their niche, and B) prepare for a total-mobilization existential war within the decade. Meaning that while it is a short-term boon that Johnson might welcome, foreign investors will need to accept an extravagant amount of risk and market volatility.

Not to say that nobody will. Where there's a dollar, somebody will grab it, and at least some people will put money on you failing to close the market niche. But I don't see swarms of airships on the horizon from a dozen competing companies attempting to win your favor with low prices in your future, not that I imagine you were expecting any. :D
I was more imagining that some foreign outfit that already operates cargo airships might try to form contracts with us to handle specific kinds of airlift operations. Like hiring moving vans, not like building or operating your own or buying a huge fleet of moving vans yourself.

By analogy, at some point some commercial airline will start making regular flights from somewhere into Chicago or CFC territory as a whole, if that hasn't already happened. That doesn't mean they'll be trying to build jetliners in our territory, or sell us a fleet of jetliners, but they may hope to make a profit by operating those jetliners in or around our territory anyway.
 
I was more imagining that some foreign outfit that already operates cargo airships might try to form contracts with us to handle specific kinds of airlift operations. Like hiring moving vans, not like building or operating your own or buying a huge fleet of moving vans yourself.

By analogy, at some point some commercial airline will start making regular flights from somewhere into Chicago or CFC territory as a whole, if that hasn't already happened. That doesn't mean they'll be trying to build jetliners in our territory, or sell us a fleet of jetliners, but they may hope to make a profit by operating those jetliners in or around our territory anyway.
That was what I meant, yes. To summarize, I've some experience in how the travel industry works, and while they accept a high degree of volatility in their operations, they try to mitigate as much as possible, and generally look warily upon markets where the niche for their operations existing at all is going to be a question of what month and year it is in any given region; this is why travel costs are so brutally seasonal, and those variations are predictable. Cargo is different in some ways, but they still operate very expensive assets and don't want to accept the risk of those assets having to be continually retasked as the market conditions that enable them to operate balloon and collapse on as rapid a pace as you are eagerly signaling you want to achieve. They want stability. Instability costs money, and if it costs them money, they're gonna make it cost you money, where they think the risk is worth it at all.

What that means for you is fewer companies charging higher prices for smaller fleets and less commitment to your market than people with more stably crap infrastructure can expect.

But you will get some takers, under those conditions.
 
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That was what I meant, yes. To summarize, I've some experience in how the travel industry works, and while they accept a high degree of volatility in their operations, they try to mitigate as much as possible, and generally look warily upon markets where the niche for their operations existing at all is going to be a question of what month and year it is in any given region; this is why travel costs are so brutally seasonal, and those variations are predictable. Cargo is different in some ways, but they still operate very expensive assets and don't want to accept the risk of those assets having to be continually retasked as the market conditions that enable them to operate balloon and collapse on as rapid a pace as you are eagerly signaling you want to achieve. They want stability. Instability costs money, and if it costs them money, they're gonna make it cost you money, where they think the risk is worth it at all.

What that means for you is fewer companies charging higher prices for smaller fleets and less commitment to your market than people with more stably crap infrastructure can expect.

But you will get some takers, under those conditions.
True.

The one niche I'd expect to be least hurt by this effect would be superheavy lift. Since "we need to lift a 150-ton piece of machinery off this barge, and set it down over here on top of this mount here 80 miles inland, without serious jostling" is a pretty specialized requirement, I'd imagine that nearly everything they do is an expensive bespoke contract anyway, so that's already priced into the cost of hiring them.

Note my intentional choice of the phrase "the one niche."
 
All this is just a distraction, from our main priority of destroying Victoria, economic development should mainly be about getting the necessary capitol and resources to wage protracted war, and in the event of a victory, we can then focus on getting investments and developing the economy of the territory formerly known as Victoria once we have their territory, resources and whatevers left of the population. Plus all this talk will require an educated workforce I'm not sure we have and again, would be better directed towards a war machine.
 
All this is just a distraction, from our main priority of destroying Victoria, economic development should mainly be about getting the necessary capitol and resources to wage protracted war, and in the event of a victory, we can then focus on getting investments and developing the economy of the territory formerly known as Victoria once we have their territory, resources and whatevers left of the population. Plus all this talk will require an educated workforce I'm not sure we have and again, would be better directed towards a war machine.
Given Victoria's status as a nation that has an easy time importing modern arms from Russia if they ask for it, I think this mentality is deeply counterproductive.

First, because deliberately optimizing our "war machine" at the expense of building up an educated workforce and strong economy is likely to lead us down the mobilization path of Imperial Japan or the historical USSR. We have a force that looks strong on paper and may perform well for a while, but then falters when it becomes time to sustain those efforts.

Second, because ultimately, things like practical experience with technology make a huge difference in how well your nation's citizens can even fight with modern weaponry.

The path of maximizing your society and economy for Only War doesn't actually work very well.
 
Given Victoria's status as a nation that has an easy time importing modern arms from Russia if they ask for it, I think this mentality is deeply counterproductive.

First, because deliberately optimizing our "war machine" at the expense of building up an educated workforce and strong economy is likely to lead us down the mobilization path of Imperial Japan or the historical USSR. We have a force that looks strong on paper and may perform well for a while, but then falters when it becomes time to sustain those efforts.

Second, because ultimately, things like practical experience with technology make a huge difference in how well your nation's citizens can even fight with modern weaponry.

The path of maximizing your society and economy for Only War doesn't actually work very well.
what about the US they can more then afford to do that IRL
 
what about the US they can more then afford to do that IRL

The US, IRL, is the world's biggest economy, and has massive resources, manpower, R&D, infrastructure, and cash reserves. All of which exist mostly independently of it's military, to the point that the US deployed a sizable amount of its military in Afghanistan and Iraq in the 2000s and this didn't affect day to day life for the average American unless they were enlisted.

Our nation, the CFC, in contrast, is barely able to power, feed and transport itself without falling apart, and we've been working just to make sure our trade isn't disrupted by pirates or warlords. We're in a vastly different situation and need a lot more domestic spending if we want to be strong enough to survive what's coming.
 
My point in all this is that we should prioritize Victoria first, and then focus on more ambitious projects once we have the time, peace and money.
 
they can afford to do only focus on the war machine at the expense of the workforce and civilian population in real life if they really want to
But that's b/c they got so massive by branching out their focus and had a shit ton of trade partners. We aren't the USA, we do not have the same economic and industrial power. Trying to go all in on the military is going to set us up to be like the USSR.
 
Freshwater is easier on machinery and it doesn't pollute the local water table with salt.

Plus, most sites you can put pumped hydro are a long way from the coast.
Yeah. For pumped hydro storage you need a place where water can rise or fall by a long distance while moving only a short distance sideways. Preferably a place where there are large natural basin-shapes in the area's bedrock. You get that in inland areas of mountains and badlands, not near the coast.

My point in all this is that we should prioritize Victoria first, and then focus on more ambitious projects once we have the time, peace and money.
Without ambitious civilian projects, we will likely lack the capacity to conquer Victoria unless Russia decides to let us.

they can afford to do only focus on the war machine at the expense of the workforce and civilian population in real life if they really want to
The US has not truly focused on its war machine at the expense of the civilian population since the end of the World War Two mobilization- that is to say, not in your lifetime or mine.
 
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they can afford to do only focus on the war machine at the expense of the workforce and civilian population in real life if they really want to

The US can afford to focus on massive military spending precisely because it built a truly massive civilian economy and is one of the largest and most powerful in the world.

And without getting too far into the weeds. IRL USA absolutely can afford it's current military spending, and it could even afford to spend more if it had to. If it was getting into a major war for example.

Day to day, it's current level of 3.5% is plenty for it to send military forces all around the globe and intervene in conflicts and largely not impact its civilians. But even then, that 3.5% is more than the standard NATO goal of 2% And to give an idea of the scale. using 2022 figures. (during which Russia is at war with Ukraine and increased its own military spending massively, in prior years it wasn't even in the top 10.

But. The US is way ahead in first in military spending. 876Billion. Ten times as much as russia(3rd place) with 86billion.

Second place goes to china with 292Billion. Which means. That the USA is spending twice as much as the next two powers combined. And every other country in the top ten for military spending are US Allies.

Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-largest-military-budgets-2022/



We can go further. And say that every other country in the top 20 is a US ally, or at the very least US friendly.

All of which is to say, that there are those arguing the US could decrease its defence spending to instead allocate that money towards investing in infrastructure, green energy, and the rest of the civilian economy.

So. In theory the US could spend more, going up to say, 40% of GDP, if it *really* needed to. Reaching ww2 spending levels. But, at that point it would be spending more than 30 times China's current military spending.

So, ultimately, there's no real need to. They're already spending over twice as much as china and Russia combined. And every other country in the top 20 after that has pretty good relations with the USA.

And, again, the USA, can maintain that much spending on defence. And, there's a fair point to be made that defence spending, does in a sense create jobs for serving soldiers, and for factory workers building the vehicles and weapons.

But current US defence spending is the result of decades of civilian economic growth, where it comfortably controls 31% of the worlds wealth, held by about 4% of the worlds population.

Compare that to the commonwealth which is a faaar smaller economy, with far fewer people. And yeah. Pretty solidly, the commonwealth requires a strong foundation for its civilian economy.
 
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All this is just a distraction, from our main priority of destroying Victoria, economic development should mainly be about getting the necessary capitol and resources to wage protracted war, and in the event of a victory, we can then focus on getting investments and developing the economy of the territory formerly known as Victoria once we have their territory, resources and whatevers left of the population. Plus all this talk will require an educated workforce I'm not sure we have and again, would be better directed towards a war machine.
There is a fatal flaw in your strategy: An educated workforce is a vital part of wartime production. Putting an economy on a wartime footing requires a lot of rationalization of production processes, a lot of new production lines to be opened, not to mention a lot of construction and enginnering work. All of which works way better when your workers actually know what they are doing and you have a large number of engineers to put at problems.

But I do agree with your broader point: Trying to make our economy internationally competitive is putting the cart before the horse. Our current access to international markets is time-sensitive and uncertain. We are not in a position to reliably access international trade, and hence our economy will necessary be developed to work autarkic. Even with the Mississippi as a supply route, most of the volume will be taken up by arms shipments, leaving little room for bulk capital shipping.

Given Victoria's status as a nation that has an easy time importing modern arms from Russia if they ask for it, I think this mentality is deeply counterproductive.

First, because deliberately optimizing our "war machine" at the expense of building up an educated workforce and strong economy is likely to lead us down the mobilization path of Imperial Japan or the historical USSR. We have a force that looks strong on paper and may perform well for a while, but then falters when it becomes time to sustain those efforts.
Simon, building a strong economy is part of optimizing our war machine. Or to be more precise, building up an educated work force and the heavy industry to sustain high consumption of consumables [ammunition, fuel, shells] is absolutely vital.
Secondly, I disagree with your characterization of the mobilization of the USSR and Japan. Japan was simply resource starved due and fighting to many wars due to severe geostrategic miscalculations. I think the US ceasing to sell them oil while the Japanese waged intensive land and sea battles had more of an impact than any under-investment into education. The soviet economy was fairly dysfunctional, though I would attribute their military failures a lot more to large-scale purging of the army, chronic issues with the top-heavy command structures and lacking preparations for defense rather than skilled labor shortages. The fact much of their industry was overrun or had to be relocated also didn't help. Crucially, the USSR didn't eventually falter, as a certain era in human history shows.

The path of maximizing your society and economy for Only War doesn't actually work very well.
I don't think anyone has argued building our society around only war. Ikacprzak has explicitly argued for getting the necessary capital [presumably heavy industry] for the war. I would agree our economic strategy should also improve our civilian economy, I would consider much of the industrialization spending to be a kind of indirect military spending, since it correlates to our ability to mobilize and fight protracted wars. With this in mind, I think the argument for the primacy of military related investment is clear. We will fight an existential conflict in the near future against a well armed and modernized opponent. This is the situation in which you invest highly into anything that improves military performance, since the price for insufficient investment is death. Our economy needs to be maximized for war, since any long-term prospect of the economy or state depends on our victory.
 
Let's put this in perspective. A standing army requires a logistics chain behind it being able to replenish it for anything it needs and transporting it to where it needs to go.

Right now we don't even have railroads. To be more precise, we don't have the capability to build railroads right now, and that's going to be key in a lot of areas. We don't have a unified post office. We don't have enough organized schools to make sure those delivering and sorting mail can read the labels on packages and freight and put them in the right place.

We need railroads, industry, transportation, education, etc, not just so our country can fight a war, but so it can keep going without utter collapse.

Without a LOT of domestic spending, our troops are going to have problems when train cars full of bandages are stuck in Chicago because there's no way to transport them, there's no real factories to make them, and the people organizing the logistics have to take their shoes off to count to 20.
 
But I do agree with your broader point: Trying to make our economy internationally competitive is putting the cart before the horse. Our current access to international markets is time-sensitive and uncertain. We are not in a position to reliably access international trade, and hence our economy will necessary be developed to work autarkic. Even with the Mississippi as a supply route, most of the volume will be taken up by arms shipments, leaving little room for bulk capital shipping.
The idea that we can get by with a functional economy that imports more tonnage of arms than of capital goods runs into the same problems that trying to wage war with an uneducated workforce does. It falls apart. You need machine tools and electric generators and rolling stock for the railroads and chemical industry equipment and a thousand other things to run a war economy, and all of THAT has to be imported at least as much as guided missiles do.

Furthermore, to get much trade out of the Mississippi route, we need to export something (even if we can't do it at comparative advantage). That something will probably be a bulk commodity such as minerals or agricultural products, because we lack the means to compete on most other things. As such, massive bulk must be shipped south, which means that there must be room for massive bulk to be shipped north as well on the return route.

Arms shipments won't clog the lines.

Simon, building a strong economy is part of optimizing our war machine. Or to be more precise, building up an educated work force and the heavy industry to sustain high consumption of consumables [ammunition, fuel, shells] is absolutely vital.
Secondly, I disagree with your characterization of the mobilization of the USSR and Japan. Japan was simply resource starved due and fighting to many wars due to severe geostrategic miscalculations. I think the US ceasing to sell them oil while the Japanese waged intensive land and sea battles had more of an impact than any under-investment into education. The soviet economy was fairly dysfunctional, though I would attribute their military failures a lot more to large-scale purging of the army, chronic issues with the top-heavy command structures and lacking preparations for defense rather than skilled labor shortages. The fact much of their industry was overrun or had to be relocated also didn't help. Crucially, the USSR didn't eventually falter, as a certain era in human history shows.
You are over-focusing on specific narrow periods of history, and so missing the point of the analysis.

Imperial Japan's problem was that they tried to take a subpar economy (by great power standards) and compete on the world stage as a world power by being more willing to spend. This is best illustrated by Japan's efforts to build up a modern fleet, starting long before the narrow WWII-era period when the resource shortages are relevant. Japan also tried other methods to "punch above their weight," developing 'better' weapons and tactics, and ultimately very little of it worked or mattered very much. Practicing night-fighting obsessively doesn't do you much good when the enemy has a far more developed electronics industry and invents radar, to give one example. What all this comes down to is that in industrial warfare, the means to produce and maintain a good force is much more important than the proportion of your budget you actually spend on that good force, at least up until the eve of the war when it is directly time to equip and train that force.

In the context of the USSR, things like the purges, overrunning of factories, and defense preparations are relevant to 1941, but I'm looking at the Cold War. The Soviets did indeed spend a huge chunk of GDP trying to have a strong military. In the process, they contributed to the eventual collapse of their civilian economy, even if that was not the sole cause of it. And ultimately, that 'strong military' did the USSR very little good. As the Gulf War indirectly illustrated and the Ukraine War is also illustrating, those massive swarms of heavy equipment produced to relatively crude standards and manned by ill-paid soldiers simply do not work well as a counter to the products of a more advanced and wealthy developed economy.

...

In conclusion, I would caution against trying to specialize the economy too heavily "for war," because many of the impacts we're looking for are indirect.

For instance, it is 2077 and our next round of serious warfare with Victoria is likely to take place in the early 2080s. The last generation of Americans to receive something loosely resembling a normal prewar education (or most of one) are already quite elderly. Many of them will be starting to retire and/or die of old age over the course of the next several years. Investment in geriatric health care, seemingly useless to a war mobilization, may have a surprising and disproportionate impact on certain things, simply by keeping certain personnel around a few years longer. To some extent this is a devil's advocacy argument and I'm not really so much interested in the details of "is this strictly true" as in promoting the idea that we should be thinking outside the box about how the civilian economy affects our ability to perform in war.
 
The idea that we can get by with a functional economy that imports more tonnage of arms than of capital goods runs into the same problems that trying to wage war with an uneducated workforce does. It falls apart. You need machine tools and electric generators and rolling stock for the railroads and chemical industry equipment and a thousand other things to run a war economy, and all of THAT has to be imported at least as much as guided missiles do.
I think you are mistaken on this part. Our international trade routes are not secure. The current ability to trade internationally will last until the Victorians are willing to risk conflict, and the Mississippi is yet to be secured. Our access to imports can be interrupted at any time in the next few years. And even if we secure that route, it's uncertain how much we can get trough it. Russia will almost certainly try to keep shipping trough the Caribbean on the low end.
If our heavy industry isn't self-reliant, we are in a failure state. We can't rely on the import of machinery to keep our production running, it introduces a huge weakness. Our industry needs to feed itself, or our war economy rapidly goes into a downward tailspin.
You are over-focusing on specific narrow periods of history, and so missing the point of the analysis.

Imperial Japan's problem was that they tried to take a subpar economy (by great power standards) and compete on the world stage as a world power by being more willing to spend.
I think your analysis is flawed: The Japenese military was highly effective until the launched too many wars of conquest and were embargoed by the USA. The faltering comes from trying to take on two great Asian naval powers and being starved of vital resources, not from the economy being underdeveloped. Good electronics are useless if you start running out of fuel for your ships and rubber for modern equipment. Crucially, economic investment doesn't fix that. No matter how much you invest into the 1930s Japanese economy, you can't conjure up huge oil and rubber deposits out of nothing. Your suggestion of "build a strong economy and invest in workforce training" is unrelated to the major problems of maintaining a functional japanese war economy.
In the context of the USSR, things like the purges, overrunning of factories, and defense preparations are relevant to 1941, but I'm looking at the Cold War.
I struggle to see the applicability of economic footing of a superpower engaging in a global struggle for influence when compared to us. We will engage in one very important war in the future in our region, not a cold war against a distant superpower. Our first concern this decade is "will our economy be prepared enough for the war", not "will we have sufficient economic growth indicators to keep with our rival". To use an imperfect analogy for our position: We are WW1 France, and Victoria is Germany. Hence, our primary national concern is "survive the rematch".
For instance, it is 2077 and our next round of serious warfare with Victoria is likely to take place in the early 2080s. The last generation of Americans to receive something loosely resembling a normal prewar education (or most of one) are already quite elderly. Many of them will be starting to retire and/or die of old age over the course of the next several years. Investment in geriatric health care, seemingly useless to a war mobilization, may have a surprising and disproportionate impact on certain things, simply by keeping certain personnel around a few years longer. To some extent this is a devil's advocacy argument and I'm not really so much interested in the details of "is this strictly true" as in promoting the idea that we should be thinking outside the box about how the civilian economy affects our ability to perform in war.
While there are benefits, I'm going to caution against fishing for unexpected benefits to the detriment of our industrialization and military development. Nation who don't maintain high military spending in favor of social spending don't tend to better at waging war [case and point, interwar France]. You can make an argument for a beneficial downstream effects of social spending, but the key question isn't "is there any benefit" but "what comparative advantage would be gained by spending on industry and military". The box is there for a reason.
 
I think you are mistaken on this part. Our international trade routes are not secure. The current ability to trade internationally will last until the Victorians are willing to risk conflict, and the Mississippi is yet to be secured. Our access to imports can be interrupted at any time in the next few years. And even if we secure that route, it's uncertain how much we can get trough it. Russia will almost certainly try to keep shipping trough the Caribbean on the low end.
If our heavy industry isn't self-reliant, we are in a failure state. We can't rely on the import of machinery to keep our production running, it introduces a huge weakness. Our industry needs to feed itself, or our war economy rapidly goes into a downward tailspin.
By the same token we cannot rely on ongoing import of arms during wartime, by the same argument and for the same reasons. Indeed, less so, because the civilian economy relies more heavily on sheer bulk of imports and thus makes water traffic the most important, whereas things like guided missiles could reasonably be air-freighted to us in useful quantities if our allies on this continent wanted to help us with that.

If you are advancing an argument of the form "we can't rely on importing industrial capital goods because we'll be too busy importing arms," you are implicitly assuming that we're discussing the peacetime import and economic policy, that the line of traffic will stay open during wartime, or both. Those assumptions cannot then be revoked after I point out that arms will not make up the majority of our imports.

I think your analysis is flawed: The Japenese military was highly effective until the launched too many wars of conquest and were embargoed by the USA. The faltering comes from trying to take on two great Asian naval powers and being starved of vital resources, not from the economy being underdeveloped. Good electronics are useless if you start running out of fuel for your ships and rubber for modern equipment. Crucially, economic investment doesn't fix that. No matter how much you invest into the 1930s Japanese economy, you can't conjure up huge oil and rubber deposits out of nothing. Your suggestion of "build a strong economy and invest in workforce training" is unrelated to the major problems of maintaining a functional japanese war economy.

I struggle to see the applicability of economic footing of a superpower engaging in a global struggle for influence when compared to us. We will engage in one very important war in the future in our region, not a cold war against a distant superpower. Our first concern this decade is "will our economy be prepared enough for the war", not "will we have sufficient economic growth indicators to keep with our rival". To use an imperfect analogy for our position: We are WW1 France, and Victoria is Germany. Hence, our primary national concern is "survive the rematch".
"The Japanese military was highly effective until they launched too many wars and were embargoed" is another way of saying "the Japanese military was equal to the task of bullying a third-rate military power." Which, yes, it was. This is not relevant. The underlying problem was that Japan could not win a war with the US despite a very long string of early victories, because it simply was not grounded in a civilian economy sufficient to the task. Even a nation like Britain would have posed enormous difficulties for Japan in the long run had Britain not been spending nearly all their available efforts fighting Germany, which was much closer, much richer, and much more of a direct threat. The problem, again, is that you cannot really turn a second-rate economic power into a first-rate military power simply by the power of spending really hard and cutting out all the butter in favor of maximum guns.

In regards to your next paragraph, the underlying problem is "will we prepare our economy for war, or will we overinvest in the wrong military capabilities because they're the capabilities we can buy immediately and we must spend heavily on the military NOW DAMMIT, only to find that those capabilities do us little good when the day comes for war?" The CFC is likely to be dramatically larger in population (as new territories join) and per capita wealth (as reconstruction proceeds) the next time we fight Victoria. Meanhwile, Victoria's adult population will grow little if any larger, and because they have suffered major setbacks from their civil war, they will necessarily struggle to rebuild and grow relative to where they were in 2074 when they fought us. How well we do in the rematch is going to depend very heavily on how well we can leverage the advantages of education, industrial output, and having allies.

While there are benefits, I'm going to caution against fishing for unexpected benefits to the detriment of our industrialization and military development. Nation who don't maintain high military spending in favor of social spending don't tend to better at waging war [case and point, interwar France]. You can make an argument for a beneficial downstream effects of social spending, but the key question isn't "is there any benefit" but "what comparative advantage would be gained by spending on industry and military". The box is there for a reason.
There is a difference between arguing that we need to spend 4% of GDP and not 2% so that we'll be prepared, and arguing that we need to spend 20% and not, say, 7% for the same reason.

My core argument is that military spending as a share of GDP much higher than the more enthusiastic spenders among the Western democracies tends to backfire. Spending 20% of GDP on the military is, outside of immediate wartime, not a viable long term strategy, and even in the medium term won't get you twice as much actual combat performance as you'd get from spending 10%.
 
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