Now, as promised, let's talk about "hero in the Greek sense of the word". I f*cking hate this phrase and how it's used.
First of all, let's talk about the phrase itself. I wasn't able to trace its origin conclusively, and my methodology wasn't very scientific. I used google and duckduckgo, searching either for the exact phrase "hero in the greek sense of the word" as a more restrictive seach pattern, or for the search prompt {hero "in the greek sense of the word"} as a more lax term. I know that the phrase was in use earlier, as at least one search result links me to the book "the human condition" written by
Hannah Arendt, who died in 1968. Still, it's useful to investigate how the phrase use in the wider public discourse changed over time.
The earliest mention of the exact phrase "hero in the greek sense of the word" online that
google gives me is an
obituary for a firefighter published in 2007. The phrase is used as follows:
He was a legend. He was an expert; he studied the art, the science of the whole firefighting thing. He was fearless. But what I also found out was that he was a true hero in the Greek sense of the word. That there are flaws in them, but they rise above those flaws. And that's what makes him a hero.
Note the difference from what how the phrase has been used in the discourse of this thread. The second use of the phrase online that I can find leads me to... drumroll please...
Spacebattles! In 2012 in To Be a Hero (A Legend of Zelda self insert) fanfic
@Sir Bill used the phrase in the opening statement of his story:
Tell me, have you ever wanted to be a hero?
I did. I do, actually.
I was even given the chance to be one, and I'd say I managed to live up to the word.
Of course, maybe I should have clarified as to whether I wanted to be a modern hero, or a hero in the Greek sense of the word.
The exact meaning of the phrase is not given, but they are still active, so, maybe we'll get to learn what they meant by it and how the meaning has evolved since then.
A more relaxed search term gives earlier mentions, with the earliest being indexed on 31st of January 2000 (I think google doesn't search for articles earlier than 2000). It's a L
ecture on Shakespeare's Transformation of Medieval Tragedy and an Introduction to Richard III. The text says the following:
Tragedy in the traditional classical sense requires a firm sense of death as an ending. Whatever the significance of the hero's life, that life is now over, exceptperhaps in the memory of his or her people. There is no assumption of a life after death that is in any way a reward or punishment. Hence, the lament over the hero's body in the closing stages of the tragedy is never a reflection onwhat lies in store for him. It is, by contrast, a lyrical evocation of what his life (now over) has meant, what it has revealed about the mystery of existencefor those who remain. In a sense, where a comic conclusion looks forward to abetter life together, the tragic conclusion looks back at the heroic life whichhas just concluded, leaving the audience to ponder its significance.
The Christian emphasis on the communal after life, like the Jewish emphasis on the overwhelming importance of the survival of the community in its historical progress to the promised land, means that there are no tragic Biblical heroes in the Greek sense of the word. Neither religious vision of life has much time for the individual who isolates himself from all inherited cultural meanings and determines to face life on his own terms no matter what the cost. There are no tragic figures in the Bible, because none of the major heroic figures is willing to maintain his own individual sense of what is right in the face of whatever life offers. The closest figure we have of this sort is Job, and he finally relents and bows to the will of the Lord (i.e., compromises for the sake of his faith and survival). He will not, like Oedipus or Achilles, refuse to compromise with his passionate integrity even in the face of death and certain destruction. Nevertheless, the potentially tragic stance that Job maintains throughout mostof his story raises some very unsettling questions (which the rushed endingattempts to smooth over).
As can be seen, the "in the greek meaning of the word" seems to refer to figures "willing to maintain [their] own individual sense of what is right in the face of whatever life offers". There's no empathis on greatness, but there is empathsi on moral integrity and being uncompromising in the face of harsh opposition. In this sense, Captain America giving "
no, you move" speech is a "hero in the greek sense of the word".
The next (by chronological order) link is a 2012 pdf file that's probably piracy, unless it's public domain - it's a work by Hannah Arendt, "The Human Condition". It heavily discusses grecian philosphical thought. In it, there's no direct use of the phrase, but it does discuss the term hero in the context of Greek culture. I am fairly sure that later works, including philological ones, have obsoleted this work and rendered findings in it wrong, but it's interesting to present for historical context, and to try and trace where the term we are discussing might have come from in modern language. Full disclosure, I haven't read the whole book, and am using its own index to cheat.
The hero the story discloses needs no heroic qualities; the word
"hero" originally, that is, in Homer, was no more than a name
given each free man who participated in the Trojan enterprise 10
and about whom a story could be told. The connotation of cour-
age, which we now feel to be an indispensable quality of the hero,
is in fact already present in a willingness to act and speak at all,
to insert one's self into the world and begin a story of one's own.
And this courage is not necessarily or even primarily related to a
willingness to suffer the consequences; courage and even boldness
are already present in leaving one's private hiding place and show-
ing who one is, in disclosing and exposing one's self. The extent
of this original courage, without which action and speech and
therefore, according to the Greeks, freedom, would not be pos-
sible at all, is not less great and may even be greater if the "hero"
happens to be a coward.
10. In Homer, the word herds has certainly a connotation of distinction, but of
no other than every free man was capable. Nowhere does it appear in the later
meaning of "half-god," which perhaps arose out of a deification of the ancient
epic heroes.
This part of the work discusses tradition of fiction, and so uses the word "hero" in the context of "character". The meaning the author ascribes to the word hero is, essentially "the one courageous enough to act".
Then we have a
quora post from 2015, which refers to Wonder Woman as "a hero in a greek sense of the word", indicating the distinction as being willing to kill:
There is only one person in the Justice League that wouldn't even hesitate to kill the joker. A person that doesn't need an evil "alternate universe" to slay monsters.
She is more of a hero in the Greek sense of the word and the most pragmatic of all the heroes—even Batman.
Etc.
To summarize, it seems that "hero is a greek sense of the word" is a neologism, and not a very common one, with no established universally-agreed meaning. In many early cases, the phrases centers around someone who is willing to overcome - themselves and their flaws, or the opposition of the world.
Now, let's talk etimology of the word. Here, I will have to rely on
wikipedia. It provides links to a number of sources, so I am relatively confident in doing so. I'll post certain parts of the article here for reference:
The word
hero comes from the
Greek ἥρως (
hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector" or "defender"),
[4][
better source needed] particularly one such as
Heracles with divine ancestry or later given divine honors.
[5] Before the
decipherment of
Linear B the original form of the word was assumed to be *ἥρωϝ-,
hērōw-, but the Mycenaean compound
ti-ri-se-ro-e demonstrates the absence of -w-.
Hero as a name appears in pre-Homeric
Greek mythology, wherein
Hero was a priestess of the
goddess Aphrodite, in a myth that has been referred to often in literature.
According to
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the
Proto-Indo-European root is
*ser meaning "to protect". According to Eric Partridge in
Origins, the Greek word
hērōs "is akin to" the Latin
seruāre, meaning
to safeguard. Partridge concludes, "The basic sense of both
Hera and hero would therefore be 'protector'."
R. S. P. Beekes rejects an
Indo-European derivation and asserts that the word has a
Pre-Greek origin.
[6] Hera was a
Greek goddess with many attributes, including protection and her worship appears to have similar
proto-Indo-European origins.
A classical hero is considered to be a "
warrior who lives and dies in the pursuit of honor" and asserts their greatness by "the brilliancy and efficiency with which they kill".
[7] Each classical hero's life focuses on fighting, which occurs in war or during an epic quest. Classical heroes are commonly semi-divine and extraordinarily gifted, such as
Achilles, evolving into heroic characters through their perilous circumstances.
[2] While these heroes are incredibly resourceful and skilled, they are often foolhardy, court disaster, risk their followers' lives for trivial matters, and behave arrogantly in a childlike manner.
[2] During classical times, people regarded heroes with the highest esteem and utmost importance, explaining their prominence within epic literature.
[8] The appearance of these mortal figures marks a revolution of audiences and writers turning away from
immortal gods to mortal mankind, whose heroic moments of glory survive in the memory of their descendants, extending their legacy.
[2]
As an example, Hector is given:
Hector was a
Trojan prince and the greatest fighter for Troy in the
Trojan War, which is known primarily through
Homer's
Iliad. Hector acted as leader of the Trojans and their allies in the defense of Troy, "killing 31,000 Greek fighters," offers Hyginus.
[9] Hector was known not only for his courage, but also for his noble and courtly nature. Indeed, Homer places Hector as peace-loving, thoughtful, as well as bold, a good son, husband and father, and without darker motives. However, his familial values conflict greatly with his heroic aspirations in the
Iliad, as he cannot be both the protector of
Troy and a father to his child.
[7] Hector is ultimately betrayed by the deities when
Athena appears disguised as his ally
Deiphobus and convinces him to challenge Achilles, leading to his death at the hands of a superior warrior.
[10]
As can be seen, in very literal "greek sense of the word", a hero is a protector, a great fighter. But not every great fighter is a hero, because the hero protects. This, I think, as a layman, likely links to
Greek Hero Cults, which were an evolution of ancestor worship brought on by the development of large cities. In this sense of the word, heroes could be thought of as cultural evolution of honored ancestors - humans from the past worthy of veneration and taking the place between mundane (honored ancestors) and cosmological (gods), protecting the former from the latter.
From these brief forays into internet history and etimology, I believe that "hero in the greek sense of the word" as it has been used in this thread at least, is not historically accurate, and is a neologism. Classical greek heroes are, in fact, heroes. Not perfect, but overcoming their base nature and flaws, and doing great and positive deeds.