The first recorded use of
faggot as a pejorative term for gay men was in the 1914
A Vocabulary of Criminal Slang, while the shortened form
fag first appeared in 1923 in
The Hobo by
Nels Anderson.
[4]: 301 Its immediate origin is unclear, but it is based on the word for "bundle of sticks", ultimately derived, via
Old French, Italian and
Vulgar Latin, from
Latin fascis.
[5][6]
The word
faggot has been used in English since the late 16th century as an abusive term for women, particularly old women,
[6] and reference to homosexuality may derive from this,
[5][7] as female terms are often used with reference to homosexual or effeminate men (cf.
nancy,
sissy,
queen). The application of the term to old women is possibly a shortening of the term "faggot-gatherer", applied in the 19th century to people, especially older widows, who made a meager living by gathering and selling firewood.
[7] It may also derive from the sense of "something awkward to be carried" (compare the use of the word
baggage as a pejorative term for old people in general).
[5]
An alternative possibility is that the word is connected with the practice of
fagging in British
public schools, in which younger boys performed (potentially sexual) duties for older boys, although the word
faggot was never used in this context, only
fag. There is a reference to the word
faggot being used in 17th-century Britain to refer to a "man hired into military service simply to fill out the ranks at
muster", but there is no known connection with the word's modern usage.
[5]
The
Yiddish word
faygele, lit. "little bird", itself a pejorative term for a gay man, has been claimed by some to be related to the American usage. 'Faygele' (pronounced 'Faiggelleh') is the nickname for a young girl named Faigie ("bird") after
Moses' wife Zipporah (
Hebrew: "bird"). The similarity between the two words makes it possible that it might at least have had a reinforcing effect.
[5][7]
There is an
urban legend, called an "oft-reprinted assertion" by Douglas R. Harper, creator of the
Online Etymology Dictionary, that the modern slang meaning developed from the standard meaning of
faggot as "bundle of sticks for burning" with regard to
burning at the stake. This is unsubstantiated; the emergence of the slang term in 20th-century American English is unrelated to historical death penalties for homosexuality.
[5]