If there was a stat that measured time management and prioritization I would get like a 3, so I've made a guide to most of the significant medium powers that will be relevant to us in no particular order. I've not done Great Powers because that would irreparably damage my soul and they're too complex for me to handle right now.
The Twin Realms of Denmark-Norway
Population(approx): 2,000,000
Denmark-Norway, is a fairly stable and prosperous land under an absolute monarch. While still legally two separate Kingdoms, the two entities are strongly integrated with one another though Denmark is most certainly the dominant partner. The current monarch, Christian VII however is badly mentally ill. Thankfully, Christian VII has not actually wielded power in decades, with his much more capable heir, Frederick VI, having held actual power since 1784. He is a strong leader, and likely the closest thing to an enlightened despot that the Twin Realms will ever see. The Sound Dues Toll continues to bring riches to the state which has made good strides in recent years towards reform with Serfdom having been abolished in 1788. Militarily, her claim to fame is her proud navy, able to challenge even lesser great powers. While it is difficult to ascertain exact numbers due to the fickle nature of navies in the time period, Denmark-Norway can muster approximately 20 Ships of the Line assuming they aren't set upon in a Pearl Harbor style attack that invents a new word. Her army, though not particularly remarkable, neither can be discounted, as it is a modern and well trained force. Just don't expect miracles. Outside of Europe, some small colonial holdings exist specifically some small portions of the Gold Coast, a quaint port in India, and the Danish Virgin Islands. Also of note, this line of House Oldenburg also controls two duchies within the Holy Roman Empire which neatly stack on top of each other which consist of most of the rest of the Jutland peninsula, Schleswig and Holstein. This, of course, tangentially involves them in the issues of the Holy Roman Empire which are plentiful indeed. At the southern regions of Schleswig is an ancient series of Earthworks known as the Dannevirke. Though it has not been significantly changed for hundreds of years, earthworks are earthworks and it could likely be modernized into a formidable obstacle in fairly short order. Her primary rival and ambition will always be the neighboring Kingdom of Sweden, having fought approximately 14 separate wars in their history.
The Kingdom of Sweden
Population(approx): 2,400,000
The star of Sweden has fallen far in these years. Already decisively defeated in the Great Northern War a century prior by the Russian bear, her prominence has only deteriorated from there. In 1788, King Gustav III attempted to fight a war to reclaim the lands lost in that war against Russia and was forced to accept a white peace as the Kingdom's finances quickly fell out of hand, especially following a not particularly successful intervention on behalf of Russia by Denmark-Norway. Gustav III would be assassinated just 2 years after the end of the war in 1792, leaving Gustav IV to ascend to the throne at age 14. In another life, Gustav may not have been a bad ruler, but upon reaching the age of majority and the end of his regency in 1796, his style of rule proved to be extremely erratic. This was only further complicated by his refusal to cooperate with the Swedish Riksdag in his attempts to rule as an absolute monarch. The days of Charles XII were long gone at this point, and with a long period of relative parliamentary governance following, the attempted return to despotism that had begun with Gustav III had mixed popularity at best. While Swedish lands themselves are prosperous and relatively well, the state itself teeters worryingly on the verge of bankruptcy. Nevertheless, Sweden is able to call up a proportionally large and well trained portion of its populace for its army. Though no longer does it roar with the contempt the Swedish Lion could muster a century ago, it remains a premier force in Europe in terms of quality. The Swedish Navy on the other hand is, while not a joke, bound to the Baltic and essentially incapable of operation outside of it. It is not a seagoing navy as much as it is a swarm of shallow hulled sloops that are meant to maul most forces that enter the Baltic. This is in part what allowed Sweden to exit the 1788 War with Russia, with the Swedish Navy delivering a crucial victory at Svensksund. One of the last holdings of the Swedish monarchy outside of the Kingdom of Sweden itself is the Dominion of Swedish Pomerania, a fairly significant coastal holding. It too remains a part of the Holy Roman Empire, and is something of a mess internally. Regardless, it is a significant foothold on the continent for the Swedes. Sweden's natural enemies are two fold, Denmark-Norway who continues to prowl in hopes of reclaiming territory lost in past wars against Sweden, as well as Russia who will never have dominion over the Baltic while Sweden holds Finland in her grasp.
The United States of America
Population(approx): 5,000,000
An ocean, and for all intents and purposes a world away from the happenings of Europe, the burgeoning American Republic has finally begun to stabilize. They have adopted their second constitution and a strong President has emerged in the form of war hero George Washington. Despite the hopes of some in France, the United States has not been keen to leap to the defense of their fellow republic and has remained, at best, diplomatically aloof, and not entirely without reason. The reality is that these states are not as united as they may seem. The states of New England remain closely tied economically and to a point even politically to the British Empire. The south is deeply conservative and dependent on cash crops as well as slavery not dissimilar to our own deplorable conditions in Haiti. All the states play games behind closed doors in the dash for the western territories. While any immediate threat of collapse has been decisively averted with the election of George Washington and a more centralized constitution, the states remain fairly loosely aligned. Tying themselves to the frankly vicious wars of Europe, could tear their newborn nation asunder. In addition, while the British cession of the Ohio Valley may tide the Americans over for now, they still thirst for lands held by the Spanish Crown in the Americas. Both Florida and Louisiana are looked upon with hungry eyes and pursed lips. On the flip side, a not insignificant number of Americans have yet to lose hope over the potential of adding the remains of British North America to the Union. In almost every direction there is the opportunity for American expansion, yet this babe of a nation must be careful not to choke on what it already has, let alone what it may desire. The United States also has a frankly explosive rate of growth in population, having increased by over 1,000,000 in the span of a decade with no signs of slowing down, and as we know more people can very quickly translate into more soldiers. While America does not really have natural enemies yet given the lack of anything to strongly oppose it yet on the continent, its military is frankly weak and undisciplined. The vast majority of its wartime military is inherently less than reliable politically, being drawn up from the states and of extremely variable quality with a decisive lean towards rabble. It's navy is distinctly more professional, but is also small with incredibly vast amounts of distance to cover if it were ever called upon to defend the coast. Ultimately this young republic is defined by being a fairly large fish in an absolutely minuscule pond. There are few powers indeed that care to or are even able to project the power that would be necessary to decisively defeat it in its own backyard if it came to blows. Yet it would do this child to remember well that it is still a juvenile, and though it may watch from over the fence, the world is still the playground of giants. For now.
The Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily
Population(approx): 6,000,000
A throne of the Bourbons, Ferdinand III or Ferdinand IV depending on how Sicilian or Neapolitan you desire him to be at a given moment, Ferdinand looks with fear beyond Italy. The most powerful Bourbon King has been deposed, and he bears witness to the fall of family. The Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily are not particularly integrated with each other, though they are both ruled as absolute monarchies. Ferdinand himself is not particularly notable, being neither particularly deficient in any given respect nor is he possessed of any glaring flaws. He has yet to declare war on France, though this is more likely due to the certainty that with such a series of forces arrayed against them the French surely must fold. Both Naples and Sicily are quite poor and impoverished. The land is dominated to a particularly egregious extent by landholding nobles which also pose a significant alternate power base other than the monarchy itself. Despite this both Palermo and Naples itself are fairly significant cities with major maritime connections throughout the Mediterranean. Roughly 1/6 of the population is on Sicily with the remainder on the mainland, and with the large population even in spite of the less than solid economic basis of the Kingdoms, a respectable army can be formed if not a navy. Geopolitically, there is not much to want for as a Neapolitan Bourbon. The north is anchored by the Papal States and the rest of southern Italy is ruled. Thus, impetus for the Kingdoms fall solely on the monarch, and it seems that soon that Ferdinand will desire French blood.
The United Provinces
Population(approx): 1,900,000
The Netherlands is in a state of absolute crisis. Long gone are the days where the Admiralties of the the 7 provinces could challenge the Royal Navy on the high seas. The golden age of the 17th century has slowly bled away, once prosperous and cooperative organs of state calcifying into corrupt and plutocratic fronts for the most powerful patricians with time. Stagnancy was then accompanied by disaster. In 1780, as all of Europe sensed weakness in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands joined France and Spain in a pro-American intervention. While France and Spain held their own, albeit failing to retake Gibraltar in the latter's case, the Netherlands faced catastrophe as the trade routes so crucial to its economic solvency was choked by the Royal Navy. The Dutch navy had badly decayed over the years and despite a moderate revival in the years prior to the outbreak of war, the 20 ships of the line that the Dutch Republic could nominally bring to arms were wholly inadequate and only once attempted to even sally from port for battle. Even the crown of the Dutch Colonial Empire, the East Indies, was pried open and partially plundered. While peace was secured in 1784, the blow to national consciousness coalesced as the Patriot Movement. The Patriot Movement was many things, but broadly its most important features were the desire to remove the hereditary Stadtholder-General, William V of Orange, and a desire for more democratic institutions that would be held responsible to the people. In many ways, what followed was a more moderate version of the French Revolution that has so shaken Europe. Due to the decentralized federal nature of the United Provinces in several key cities such as Utrecht and Amsterdam, mass civil unrest and what could be described as coup d'etats brought democratically elected council governments to power in these cities. The United Provinces seemed to be on the verge of civil war, but such possibilities were brought to a swift end with the intervention of Prussia in 1787. Behind the scenes machinations had seen the French back down from intervention as a result of its own precarious internal state and with British approval, Prussia swiftly occupied the Netherlands and restored William V to his position as Stadtholder-General. Seeing the overwhelming force the Prussian army presented, most Patriot leaders fled to France. Even so, this victory may be short lived. France too now breathes the airs of liberty and William V has proven as incapable as before of remedying the countless issues of the Netherlands. The people yet grumble and are held in silence perhaps only by the threat of Prussia spilling over the border once more. The United Provinces hold an unquestionably valuable piece of land, controlling the Rhine delta as well as having Europe's most economically developed land even in spite of its utter stagnancy. Yet she is also the diplomatic pawn of many, too vital for Britain with her many Channel ports to ever let fall completely, valuable to France as a gateway into Germany, a tool and enemy of Austria as the other power of the Low Countries, and a plaything of Prussia. For the purposes of defense against its many potential opponents the Netherlands has developed a significant line of defense, the infamous Dutch Water Line which floods part of the country to protect its most core areas. The military of the Netherlands is extraordinarily expensive, with the States Army consisting almost entirely out of mercenaries of some stripe or another numbering roughly 40,000. Keeping a large navy in service is also a difficult task with the stressed finances of the Netherlands, and it is divided up awkwardly into what is essentially several different navies particularly the VOC and the numerous Admiralties. Even so the Netherlands can still bring to bear a large, if disorganized, navy to bear on the high seas. Lastly her colonies. Vast and widespread throughout the whole world, they are colonies more in the trading post sense more than they are the settler sense and exist to channel wealth and exotic goods to the homeland.
The Kingdom of Portugal
Population(approx): 3,000,000
It has been many years since Portugal has been serious contender on the European stage. Her lands are somewhat poor, and while Lisbon has been beautifully reconstructed, that does not make up for more than a decade of lost time following its near leveling after a massive earthquake and tsunami in 1755. Her current monarch is the first undisputed Queen Regnant in Portuguese history, Maria I. Yet fortune has been cruel to her, and despite a good initial decade in the rule of Portugal, in 1786 her mental state began to rapidly deteriorate. By 1792 she was essentially incapable of rule and rule of the Kingdom was effectively taken over by a council of nobles as the heir-apparent, John VI, vacillated on becoming regent. While he would officially become regent in 1799, much power continued to lay with the ruling nobles and ministers of Portugal. In addition, there remain significant fears that his Spanish wife, Carlota Joaquina, may through some oddity of inheritance lead to an eventual restoration of the much hated Iberian Union. The Portuguese navy remains respectable, if quite stretched, but its army has fallen on hard times especially as Spain serves as a buffer to the rest of Europe. As for elephants in the room, Brazil. Brazil by this point has a larger population than Portugal at roughly 4,000,000, not even considering the other major Portuguese holdings of Angola and Mozambique. The colony now begins to chafe, even with the fairly hands off approach taken by the Portuguese Crown. Otherwise, the cornerstones of Portuguese foreign policy are the at this point 450 year old alliance with Britain and a perpetual fear of absorbtion by Spain.
The Electorate of Bavaria
Population(approx): 3,500,000
The third most powerful state within the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria has had a long and complex relationship with both the Holy Roman Empire and France. Deeply Catholic and constantly fearful of Austrian backdoor dealing, more than once Bavaria has seen fit to align itself with France in times of war. Barely more than a decade ago, the Bavarians once again came to blows with Austria as Charles IV of the senior line of House Wittelsbach, Elector Palatine, rose to the Bavarian throne following the extinction of the junior line which ruled Bavaria. This constant clashing is in part due to its unfortunately central location in terms of European affairs, and its status as a gateway into Austria. Charles IV remains monarch to the present, but he is actually quite unpopular in Bavaria. Regardless, Bavaria has a position to play as potential kingmaker in the near future. Her army is competent and experienced, with a respectable economy to draw upon for resources.
The Swiss Confederacy
Population(approx): 1,500,000
The Old Swiss Confederacy is not truly a state, at least not one in the way we would recognize it considering that it doesn't even really have a capital. It is best thought of as a little Holy Roman Empire with 13 core member states and several dozen strange little associates that are in some way tied to the Confederacy. They feud and bicker and even fight infrequent wars against each other. There are three major internal divisions that must be noted to understand the Old Swiss Confederacy. Religion, Language, and Urbanization. Religion and urbanization tend to have an association in Switzerland, with rural areas usually being Catholic and urbanized areas being some flavor of Protestant or another. In terms of language, German is by far the dominant language in terms of population, but most of the western quarter of Switzerland is Francophone, along with a small slice of Italian speakers in the southeastern mountain passes mingling with some Romansh. These issues of course lead to an extreme fear of any form of centralization from the Protestant Germanophone urbanized cities, nowadays typically Bern or Zurich. Even now the Catholic and French Vaud region of the otherwise Protestant and German Bern Canton is on the verge of open revolt. The institution of the Confederacy is weaker now than it has been in several decades, helped little by the byzantine nature of its internal administration and stark contrast in prosperity between its cities and countryside. If Switzerland could be said to have any natural enemies, it would be herself. She is fraying constantly and now more than ever seems to be unraveling at the seams outside of its very core. Regardless, it would be foolish to discount the highly strategic position that Switzerland occupies as the Alpine European crossroads, nor should its political disunity be mistaken for the characteristics of a moribund entity.
The Kingdom of Sardinia
Population(approx): 2,300,000
Victor Amadeus III rules France's southeastern alpine neighbor as a fairly strong absolute monarch. He is a kind and strongly pious man but conservative and thus terrified of what France has become, joining the War of the First Coalition on the side of Prussia and Austria. On the other side of the Ticino river is the fairly benign Duchy of Milan, and to the southern coastal plain is the Genoese Republic, long fallen from grace. Despite the name of the Kingdom, It is not much of a question that the mainland Duchy of Piedmont is the core of the strength of the Savoyard state. Sardinia is in fact a relatively unintegrated and recent addition, having been received in exchange for the Kingdom of Sicily in 1720 from the Aragonese Crown of Spain after the War of the Quadruple Alliance. Regarding its military, the Sardinian navy is perhaps better not spoken of. Its army on the other hand is modern and fairly large though not particularly remarkable. The lands of Piedmont, and of northern Italy in general are rich and prosperous, though Sardinia is quite the opposite. Unfortunately France, due to the relatively friendly relationship the Kingdom of Sardinia has with its neighbors, Victor Amadeus III views revolutionary France as the absolute number 1 threat to the Savoyard realm, no ifs ands or buts about it.
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Population(approx): ???
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is dying. Moribund and boxed in by three great powers that have already torn off the borderlands once, its death is now all but certain. As the tremors of the French Revolution continue to shake Europe, reformers within the Commonwealth have made a desperate gamble at reform in the shape of the May Constitution, yet even this is beset on all sides by the wretched szchlacta that bemoan the loss of many of their privileges, in particular the Liberum Veto. Catherine the Great appears to be once again on the verge of intervening in the Commonwealth, this time to crush it for good. Despite a pact between Prussia and the Commonwealth it appears questionable at best if Prussia will seriously consider intervening on behalf of this ancient enemy. In spite of this, at the very least Polish spirit lives on. Lithuania, always the junior partner of the Commonwealth is unable to stand the storm the way Poland may, and is likely to be completely subsumed by the most formidable of these three powers, Russia. If nothing else, the roughly 5,500,000 Poles will not be subjugated quietly.
The Papal States
Population(approx): 2,500,000
it's the pope
More seriously, at the moment the Pope is Pius VI but he's on track to die in 1799. He seems to have been mildly reformist but also seems to have been somewhat heavy handed. Of course he was also involved in the shenaniganary that one would expect of the still violently corrupt state of the Catholic Church at the time. Oh yeah also he was vehemently against the French Revolution. Aside from that there isn't really much to say about the Papal States. They're a flaming mess internally, violently corrupt, with nonsense overlapping jurisdictions. They technically have a military, but it's essentially whatever Catholic mercenaries could be dragged out of the mystery box. Otherwise, I suppose the only particularly important area they control is Rome. It is important to remember how much weight in terms of legitimacy that the Catholic Church holds even after the revolution. especially among the rural populace.
The Sublime State of Persia
Population(approx): Fuck knows, if I had to hazard a guess 8,000,000
No fancy words here, they're a punching bag for Russia, and maybe a distraction for Britain. Sorry, but this is at the absolute fringe of what we're concerned about and it's hard enough to dig up information on some of the countries that border France in this period. They also might get into a slap fight with the Ottoman Empire or something. Either way, they'll probably get kicked out of the Caucausus one way or another by the time this is done.
The Eyalet of Egypt
Population(approx): 5,000,000
just watch the video
Other notables that I was too lazy to write something for probably because they have weird complicating factors or are right on the threshold:
The Duchy of Württemberg, The Electorate of Hanover, The Kingdom of Ireland, The Electorate of Saxony, The Duchy of Milan, The Most Serene Republic of Venice, The Grand Duchy of Tuscany, The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and The Romanian Principalities.
