Oskaria as a state in the late 9th-century CE has to be understood through the events that truly shaped it: the Wyvern Wars - and how the aftermath of the Third Wyvern War eventually led to its dissolution. I will be testing you on your knowledge of this, understand, boy?
Good. Now, the thing to understand that before the first Wyvern War, the Kingdom of Oskaria was a dissolute patchwork of feudal holdings, like much of the rest of the continent. The most important part of their location, however, was their proximity to the northeastern steppes. While the steppes were not without humans or other human-affiliated races, the dragon and wyvern civilization that existed on the steppes was far more nomadic, and to explain their civilization in more detail would be more than we have time to explain in this lesson.
Regardless of them, sometime in the late 6th century a dragon began to unify the great flocks of wyverns and dragons on the steppes. Supposedly, this dragon unified great masses of wyverns and dragons to conquer an impossibly large swathe of territory - for humanoids, of course. Dragons are...different, evidently. But! Instead of living to the dragon's full age, something claimed this Dragon King's life. Confusion reigned in the territories that the dragon's grand armies had managed to conquer, eventually resulting in a great movement of the wyvern armies that the Dragon King had assembled. One of those armies headed west into Oskaria, beginning the First Wyvern War.
During this time, the Compact had still held great sway over the populace, so naturally the armies sent against the wyvern armies were Compact-compliant. Since the Compact had at that point proscribed the use of gunpowder, that meant the armies consisted of knights, bowmen, and the traditional image of those times. Needless to say, the First Wyvern War was a grueling ten year bloodbath that only ended with a grand alliance that managed to push the wyvern armies back onto the steppes. During those ten years, the Compact began loosening technological restrictions in order to better fight the wyvern army; the specter of the true Dragon King army sweeping out of the steppes and conquering everything between the steppes and the ocean was too horrible for the Compact and its devout followers to contemplate, apparently, so the restrictions on gunpowder were released, along with a bevy of other material advances.
Oskaria itself, at the frontline, was badly scarred by the First Wyvern War. We're still uncovering what appears to be entire cities burnt to cinders by that wyvern flock, and an identity emerged to match. Society miilitarized and came together like never before, to ensure no invading force could scorch the land as badly as the First Wyvern War. Thus Oskaria's grand fortress cities begin appearing in this era; thus Oskaria's cannons and musketry leap to the forefront of weapons development.
By the time sixty-odd years later, when the children of the children of the First Wyvern War are growing into the fullness of their age, the Second Wyvern Army assembles. At this point, Oskaria has managed to cobble together an army that begins to show the first true signs of being an early modern army, with widespread distribution of musketeers and shot interspersed with heavy adventurer support. When the Second Wyvern Army attacks over the border, expecting a largely unchanged country as they had in the past hundred years, they are met with musketeers, artillery, and hardened adventurers who have spent the last fifty years strengthening themselves. On the Second Wyvern War's side, however, we now know that there was an unusually canny Dragon on their side, directing the Wyvern army in maneuvers around the countryside to avoid and disable the incredible strength of the coalition army. Each battle for the coalition was hard-fought, but usually a victory - while the army remained intact. When the wyverns began dispersing into columns, however, the nobles decided to take their retinues to go home and defend their land, leading their forces to slowly be defeated in detail by wyvern forces that were always wherever would be most disastrous for the coalition forces.
This new phase of the war lasted for thirty to forty years, interspersed with incredible outbreaks of famine and disease as the wyverns lay waste to the fields and shied away from attacking the cannon-defended cities.
Eventually, however, the stalemate finally broke with several key advances. The first was the advancement of firearms during the period; where the firearms at the beginning of the period tended to pierce slightly into wyvernflesh past the scales, firearms towards the end of the Wyvern War began to become truly strong enough to deal more than superficial wounds to wyverns - even if the Compact disapproved. This advancement was paired with a strengthening central authority, as recalcitrant nobles were quite literally burnt up by the wyvern columns. With their armies reduced from the incredible and loosely-aligned armies of 60,000 that characterized the beginning of the Second Wyvern War to a centrally controlled and hardened 20,000 troops, the army began executing the same strategy that the wyvern armies had used to wreak such havoc on Oskaria - a defeat in detail, destroying the columns of wyverns ravaging the countryside. They were aided by nonhumanoid auxillaries, who correctly surmised that the Kingdom was in far too poor a shape to turn away help from any quarter - in fact, arguably the decisive turning point was the colony of jumping spiders that managed to outpace the approaching wyvern armies in order to inform of the allied forces of an extremely short window where the Dragon commander's forces were too spread out to defend each other successfully.
When all was said and done, the Oskarian army won, but barely, and at incredible cost.
At the end of the war, Oskaria was a shell of its former self, traumatized by the war that seemed to last longer than the peace that proceeded it. The remaining survivors of the war, greatly reduced in number, agreed that centralizing authority and ensuring better governance was the only way to survive the next Wyvern War - and there could be no gainsaying the King's authority. What better way to ensure that then by ensuring that the King was not only the most popular member of the nobility, but also by ensuring complete consensus among the nobility? Thus the system of elected Kings and the Sejm's ability to halt proceedings to debate in further detail were established, creating central ministries for the state to truly be able to support the early modern army that Oskaria had been so strained to support before the war; where before the war the forces of 60,000 coalition forces nearly broke Oskaria simply hosting it, in the wake of the Second Wyvern War and the movement towards centralization, Oskaria began supporting a modernized force of 60-80,000 troops. The good weather and excellent harvests during this period provided an additional boost, bolstering confidence. In some fashion, as the generation after the victors of the Second Wyvern War grew up, Oskaria began to enter a golden age.
Eventually, like everyone in Oskaria expected, the Third Wyvern War began. This wyvern army was largely made out of the same mold as the First Wyvern War, not the terrible Second Wyvern War - this time there would be no canny Dragon commander to inflict horribly disproportionate violence on the countryside, but rather a group of loosely aligned wyverns that could only be commanded to go towards the same direction. King Melka I the Pious led the initial defense, well into his old age by this point. At the end of the first year's fighting, he finally admitted that he couldn't lead the army anymore and willingly stepped down in favor of King Muran I, then known as the Reformer. He took an already professionally hardened force and made it into the greatest army on the continent. He unified the commands of field artillery, muskets, and magic to create a force quite more than the sum of its components, and under his masterful touch the wyvern army was effectively broken in the field by the end of the first decade. What followed was another two decades of slow but steady annihilation to the east of the most eastern provinces, culminating in a decisive battle where Julius the Bold led the final cavalry charge. King Muran, greatly aged and with his once sharp mind dulling every year, began slackening the controls the King had over the nation's control, and this new nobility, already three generations distant from the horrors of the Second Wyvern War and greatly buoyed by the easy and righteous victories of the Third Wyvern War, began pushing more and more.
The thing that ultimately dooms Oskaria, then, is the period after the Third Wyvern War, where King Muran refused to step down or let someone else eventually take the kingship, as the nobility began to push to reclaim power and wealth from the King, especially the nobility that had come of age during the cleanup period of the Third Wyvern War, where noble cavalry ran down the scattered wyvern armies. These nobles grew more and more greedy, beginning to exercise more of their own powers to bring money to their own coffers. When King Muran's body finally acknowledged that the soul had left decades ago, the nobles were clamoring for a King who would respect the rights of the nobility. Who better than the Julius the Bold, Hero of the Third Wyvern War?
Under King Julius' reign, the ministries and the royal army that his predecessors had spent so much blood and sweat creating was sold off and disbanded piecemeal, returning the power and ceasing to collect the wealth that had made the kingdom what it was. The reforms that King Muran had abortedly made during his prime years were steadily rolled back and complicated, with extra tangles added at every step so that some noble or another could enjoy an old privilege that had been set aside during the Wyvern Wars.
This near-full century of decentralization of power and creation of new and special cases, then, leads directly to the events of the Transulinia Crusade - and its aftermath. But of course, we will be covering that - next time, after I make sure you've understood this material, you hear?
- Transcript of a tutoring session about Oskaria and the Wyvern Wars, circa 1200 CE.