Damaging Objects and Enemies:
All attacks have a Power value. This represents the destructive force of the attack, and is used when calculating whether or not an attack has been successfully blocked.
Objects have Durability. Exceeding this durability allows them to sustain Damage. Damage disables, impairs, or destroys the attacked object. Various spells and enchantments can increase durability. An object's durability is added to the durability of all objects that it is protecting from an attack when determining if Damage is dealt.
If an object is used as a projectile, the Durability of the Object and its target are both tested against the Power of the attack. Attacks using objects have an effective Power Cap equal to the weapon's durability. If the weapon's durability is met (or exceeded) by the Power of the attempted attack, the weapon is Damaged, and the target receives an attack with Power equal to the Durability of the weapon.
Example 1:
Homura fires a bullet form an M16. This bullet has 60 Durability. The target, a Witch, has 40 Durability. The M16, when firing the bullet, fires it with enough force that, if it were more durable, it would deliver an attack with 100 Power. Sadly, it shatters on impact, only dealing an attack of 60 Power. The Witch, with 40 Durability, is Damaged by the 60 Power attack.
The bullet, however, is small. The Damage is minimal, but a number of shots may cumulatively deal sufficient Damage to significantly wound the Witch, possibly disabling limbs or even destroying the Witch's Body.
Example 2:
A Witch fires ball of energy (Power 60) at Homura, striking her in the chest. Homura's body has a Durability of 30. Her Magical Girl outfit, however, has a Durability of 50.
The outfit sustains damage, but Homura herself is left unharmed, as her body's effective Durability, with the outfit protecting her, is 80 (30+50). She may still be knocked back by the attack, but no significant harm is caused.
Determining Damage Dealt:
When an attack DOES hit, how much Damage is dealt? It's pretty much QM fiat for now, but I may figure out a system for determining this later. Just remember that bigger attacks deal more Damage, but even small attacks can have enough Power to deal a certain amount of Damage.
Emotional Energy Mechanics:
Magic is powered by emotion. Witches use Grief, as a rule, while Magi primarily use the energy generated by their other emotions.
For the purposes of this explanation, Magi energy will be referred to as EE, and Witch energy will be referred to as Grief.
Homura can be considered to have EE = Maximum Corruption - Corruption, generally. Each time she uses Magic, she loses some EE and accumulates an equal amount of Grief. If her Grief maxes out, she will start to Witch.
A Witch, on the other hand, simply depletes its Grief with each work of Magic it performs, slowly regenerating it with time. When a Witch depletes its Grief to severely, it withdraws into its Seed.
Magi defeat Witches by damaging their bodies sufficiently that the Witch exhausts itself trying to maintain its form, causing it to withdraw into its Seed.
Example 1:
Homura uses Magic Blast. She expends 20 EE and accumulates 20 Grief. The attack is launched.
Example 2:
Homura's arm is Damaged. She expends 40 EE to Heal it and accumulates 40 Grief.
Example 3:
A Witch creates a Familiar. 50 Grief is spent to do so, leaving the Witch weaker than before.
Example 4:
A Witch's main body loses an arm. The Witch expends 200 Grief to regenerate it.
Example 5:
A Witch's main body is destroyed. The Witch does not have enough Grief to rebuild it, and withdraws into its Seed. Homura uses it to Cleanse, decreasing her Grief by 100 and allowing her EE to regenerate in its absence.