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Aircraft Design Company- Matsura's Planes Are Always Fastest!

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Character Sheet
  • Informational


    • ​
    Stress
    0​
    Office Stress
    0​
    XP
    5​

    Matsura Asuka
    Head Designer for Ohara Airworks
    Age 24 (Legally 25)
    Year 12 AF (After Flight)

    Design Stats
    Aerodynamics Engineering - +2
    Structural Engineering - +2
    Chemical Engineering - +1
    Mechanical Engineering - +1
    Ballistics Engineering - +1
    Electrical Engineering - 0

    Personal/Political Stats
    Social Skills - 0
    Politics Skills - 0
    Importance - 2
    Income - 1
    Investments - Ohara

    Resources
    Power - 0
    Wealth - 2

    Designs
    Type 1 Series - Military Variation (Designated T1M1)
    Type 2 Racer (World Speed Record October 1910-April 1911, 180kph)
    Model 2 Scout (Designated T1M2)
    Navy Scout Prototype (Drowned Rat)
    Dive Bomber B1M1 "Duck"
    Machine Gun Carrier R1A "Dragonfly" (World Speed Record May-July 1911, 200kph)
    Naval Rescue Water-Landing Supply Plane NR1M0 "Dolphin" (World speed record 240kph)
    Rhino Demon Train Hunter
    The world's first airliner
    The world's first pulsejet airplane

    Assets
    Slide Rule
    Computator (1 Reroll per Routine)

    Languages
    Albian
    Gallian

    Familiar Vices
    Drinking
    Prostitutes
    Dancing

    Family Life
    - Engaged to Arita Yachi, formerly the leading Ace in the Imperial Army. Designated #1 Cutest Army Boy, he's having some serious problems with PTSD right now.
    - Taking a second try at dating Mikami Kiho, ex-dockerwork from the south.

    Upgrades
    - 3 XP to upgrade a stat.

    Ohara Airworks
    Start Up, Imperial Capital, Akitsukuni

    Owner
    - Mr. Ohara, Rich. Aircraft Enthusiast. Business guy.

    Engineers

    Kibe Koume, 26, Office Manager
    Tiny & angry, Kibe went to school in Albia, picking up the language, the religion, and a fuckload of swear words. Speaks Albian.
    Mechanical +2, Ballistics +1
    Office Manager: If Kibe is not assigned to a team, the Office Stress is reduced by 1.

    Sakane Jun, 26, Second Team Leader
    A soured patriot, Sakane is married and has a young child being raised gender-neutrally. His two brothers who fought in the war.
    Structural +2, Aerodynamics +1
    Team Leader: If there are any additional projects, Sakane will lead them.
    Joinery: Sakane has training in the traditional Akitsukuni carpentry art of joinery, creating complex self-supporting joints with no fasteners or glue. When working with non-monocoque wooden spars or ribs, +1 Structural.

    Tezuka Kenji, ???
    A stoner with occasional flashes of insight. Nobody really knows what he does, but he's probably useful?
    Aerodynamics +2, Chemical +1
    Flashes of Brilliance: Each natural 10 rolled by any team Tezuka is assigned to gives +1 forward to the next research roll.

    Hasegawa Morio, 26
    A hopeless nerd with a photography habit, mostly on account of developing his own film, Hasegawa seems to do nothing but work and stack card houses, but somehow has an incredible attractive boyfriend. Speaks Gallian.
    Chemical +2, Ballistic +1
    Silent Workhorse: Hasegawa can work on two different projects at once for no cost to Office Stress, providing they use different stats.

    Kawamura Yosai, 25.
    Serially successful womanizer and incredibly attractive, Kawamura doesn't seem to have much of a personality outside of seducing women. Well, except for that time he seduced Asuka, which nobody talks about. Speaks Dyske.
    Structural +2, Electrical +1, Social +1
    Easily Distracted: If Kawamura is working on the same team as a female or non-binary employee, the team is at -1d10.

    Koide Hatsu, 24.
    One of the few female graduates of an Akitsukuni engineering school, Koide is brilliant and incredibly driven, but her first job at Akibara was both humiliating and exposed her to an abusive coworker. Her father is a rich businessman with factories in Joseon, and she's engaged to Ken from Castles of Steel. Speaks Joseon.
    Mechanical +2, Structural +1
    No Sleep: If you let her, Koide will work herself to death. She can work a second project for no Office Stress, but all her stats will be reduced to 1 for the routine.

    Kobayashi Ayao, ???
    Disowned heiress of the Kobayashi family, all Kobayashi wanted was a career and to be a modern woman. For her trouble, a cousin threw acid on her, scarring her face, neck, much of her torso, and her left arm. Despite appearing serene and above it all, she's actually an avowed communist activist and baseball player.
    Aerodynamics +2, Social +2

    Adachi Ren, 24
    Adachi learned chemistry from her father, one of the most famous chemical engineers in the country, rather than through formal schooling. She's married, has a kid, and takes spirituality very seriously. Yes, you did the math right, she had Yuki when she was 17. It's 1912, folks.
    Chemical +2, Electrical +1
    Young Mother: Adachi will cause double Office Stress if she has to work multiple tasks.

    Uyeno Sei, Ballistics Engineer, 31.
    The oldest member of the crew, this is Uyeno's second career. Her first was as an officer in the Imperial Navy with specialized technical training: her very promising career was cut short by her transition. Her work in a naval arsenal on machine-guns landed her the job here. Briefly dated Satomi (the age range is a bit creepy but again, 1912), she's missing a piece of her ear and is deaf on that side, from an exploding cannon. Recently returned from Varnmark from experimental surgery, she's known for her skill navigating gendered bureaucracy.
    Ballistic +3

    Mi Kyung-Jae, 23
    A recent graduate of the Imperial College of Heijo, Mi is from the recently annexed territory of Joseon. For those keeping track at home, that means he's a Korean national living in Imperial Japan in 1912. We haven't seen much of his personality because he's rightfully terrified of everything around him. He has a specialty in endurance engine design and modification. Speaks Joseon.
    Mechanical +1, Chemical +1
    Endurance Engines: Mi has an excellent understanding of metallurgy and tolerances. Any engine he works on gains +1 Reliability if a 16+ is rolled.
    Pulsejet Wizard: Mi is now one of the world's leading experts on the pulsejet engine. He can be given his own project to custom-craft pulsejet engines, and he gives +1 to any pulsejet-related project.
    Joseon National: Mi does not have security clearance to work on any top-secret projects.

    Miyoshi Shigeri, 23.
    A non-binary person and admirer of Asuka's work, they were in an support role in the Army before joining the company.
    Structural +1, Mechanical +1, Aerodynamic +1
    Mechanic: Miyoshi has some experience repairing and refurbishing aircraft. They get +1 if assigned on the clean-up phase.


    Other Employees
    - Ohara Satomi, 22, Mr. Ohara's niece and the company test pilot, Ohara is a general lesbian disaster. She's good at flying planes, driving cars, and kissing girls. She's bad at being patient, being respectable, and sticking to literally anyones conceptions of gender roles. Deeply in lesbians with Coralie D'Amboise.
    - Fujkikawa Sotatsu, old, modelmaker. He's an old man and toymaker and we don't see much of him because he locks himself in his workshop a lot. He's friends with Kawamura?

    Assets
    - Engine Test Rig (Allows engine tweaking and optimization.
    - Wind Tunnel (+1 Aerodynamics)
    - Rapid Prototype Lab (+1 Clean Up)
    Expanded Cast

    Akitsukuni Industry
    - Homura Mohoko: Head Engine Designer for Kobayashi. First female engineer in the country. A lot of sex appeal.
    - Okumura: Head of Akibara aircraft design.
    - Yamanaka Hajime: Kobayashi engineer. Young and eager.
    - Igarashi Masazumi: Kobayashi engineer. Reserved and experienced.
    - Admiral Akibara Toru: Imperial Navy Admiral. Maximum nepotism. Maximum douchebag.
    - Lt.Cmnd Akibara Shinzo: The above's son. A hottie but very forward.



    Character Families
    - Matsura(?) Mizuko: Asuka's sister. Was paralyzed in an accident in Asuka's first flight. Lives Elsewhere and is married now. Can't forgive Asuka, even though she's tried.
    - Adachi Motoki: Adachi's husband, an accountant. Legally blind.
    - Adachi Yuki: Adachi's 7 year old daughter and wannabe pilot. Very adorable.
    - Yachi's Brother: Exists.
    - Sakane's Wife: Exists. Drives him a bit crazy, but he loves her.
    - Yachi's Brother's Wife: Exists. Is statistically likely to be pregnant.
    - Lt. Coralie D'Amboise: Gallian pilot in exile. Satomi's girlfriend. 25. Accomplished bisexual duelist. She flew in the war for a single day, and for her troubles got a hole blown in her cheek and had her left arm paralyzed.

    Akisukuni Army & Ex-Army
    - Lt. Torio Tanaka: Yachi's former observer as an enlisted man. Was jumped up to fly Ducks and lost a leg on his first mission. A trained painter, married to Torio Saya.
    - Captain Amari Shiro: A Dragonfly pilot who ended up flying as Yachi's partner. Kind of delightfully twinky. They sorta slept together at one point, which wasn't great. He lost his previous boyfriend in the April Offensive and turned his plane into a shrine. He was shot in the gut and is still recovering.
    - Major Izuhara: Logistics officer, Imperial Army, this bespectled officer stood up to the Caspian Crown Prince and accidentally kicked off the Akitsikuni-Caspian War. The guilt was so much that, after almost a year of running Army procurement, he shot himself in a phone both.
    - Captain Nakai Sekien: Army scout pilot. First person to drop a bomb from an airplane, later head of the Duck Squadrons.
    - Captain Teshima: A Desk pilot that fought with Yachi. Lost an arm in the process, took over for Major Izuhara after his death. Seems cheery despite it all.
    - Captain Nashio: A real piece of shit dude and probably a rapist, he's also a war hero as the second-highest scoring ace on the Akitsukuni side. He was a young shitty kid in way over his head but it's no excuse.
    - Lt. Kinjo: Kind of a dumb lump and Nashio's friend, one of the desk pilots. Dead at 19.
    - Lt. Okazaki: Yachi's friend from before the war and pilot, he died in a spin in his dragonfly. His death probably hit Yachi the hardest.

    Westerners
    - Rose & Antoinette Sears: Pioneers of flight. Sisters. Black in 1910s not!America. Yikes.
    - Timina Guasti: Famous aircraft designer from Otrusia. Likes big planes and green.
    - Prince Protasov Vasilyevich: Crown Prince of Great Caspia. Real dick. You gotta hand it to him though, a decent flier.
    - Count von Zeppelin: Invented rigid airships. Runs a successful airline business. Damned impressive.
    - Bennhold: Aircraft Engineer. Experimenting with metal aircraft.
    - Aileen Middlemiss: Albian reporter for the Artimis Times. Well meaning and oblivious.
    Available Tech
    • Materials: Wood, Duralumin, Molded Wood, Wood & Silk Composite, etc
    • All engine mounts
    • All wing types
    • Basic reinforcement
    • Wing warping and ailerons
    • Basic water radiators
    • Flying Wings
    • Semi-Monocoque design (requires at least half the slots have frame pieces)
    • Valved pulsejets
    • Basic weapon mounts and turrets
    Tech not Yet Developed
    • Custom engines
    • Monocoque construction
    • Cantilever Wings and associated tech
    • V and T tails
    • Tailless designs
    • Aluminum and titanium
    • Cellulose surfacing
    • Any kind of radar
    • Weapon accessability mods
    • Interruptor gear
    • Geared propellers
    • And Maybe Other Stuff
    Akitsukuni
    Island Nation

    Government
    Constitutional Monarchy
    - The democratic portions of the government are dubiously legitimate.
    - The head of state is the Empress of Akitsukuni. She gives her blessing to newly formed governments.
    - The Navy and a small number of families have undue influence on politics.

    Economy
    Developing Mixed Market
    - Most industry is controlled by a small number of wealthy, family-owned companies.
    - The state provides most contracts to industry. Consumer good market is anemic.
    - Exports are few, mostly cultural.
    - Imports are raw minerals, food, oil, and expertise.
    - Currently suffering an economic crash after the last war.

    Politics
    The Diet is currently ruled by a Constitutional Nationalist government. It has a system of nonlocal proportional representation, with representatives appointed by the party in accordance to their share of the vote.
    - Constitutional Nationalists: 50%
    - Purity Club: 9%
    - New Independents: 26%
    - Fairness Association: 11%
    - United Communist League: 2%
    - Monarchists: 1%
    - Assorted Fringe Parties: 5%

    Demographics
    Akitsukuni is mostly very ethnically homogeneous. Around 5% of the population are various minorities, most from nearby countries. Roughly .1% are westerners here for business or in advisory positions.
    - Population: 55 Million
    - Religion: Mostly Kodo. Roughly 2% of the population follows western religions.
    - Wealth: Most wealth is concentrated in the top 5% of the country. Nearly 20% of the population lives in conditions indistinguishable from peasantry.
    - Urbanization: Heavily urbanized for a small economy: 35% and rapidly growing.

    Military
    At Peace
    - Imperial Akitsukuni Navy (IAN): The 6th largest in the world, and the most experienced.
    - Imperial Akitsukuni Army (IAA): 150,000 highly experienced soldiers, and a considerable reserve.

    Aspects
    - Poor Resources: Aluminum costs +1.
    - Damn Akitsukuni Engines!: Engines have -1 Reliability.



    The Main Character Of This Quest Is Nonbinary And Uses They/Them Pronouns.

    I Am Putting This Here Because The Next Person To Misgender Them Is Getting Yeeted Into The Trash

    Also here's the Gayaverse TV Tropes page, because why not.​
     
    Last edited:
  • Informational
    • someplaneguy said:
    That wording changed since I last reloaded the rules. It explicitly called out one engine at 80% power, where the others said both at 90%. When I refreshed the page after your comment that had disappeared. As it is now, Pod/Pod is lower drag and higher power than nacelle/nacelle and I'm not sure that's intended.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    *refreshes his own rules tab just in case*

    That is odd.

    Mathchecking...
    Push-Pull pod would be two engines at 12 power each, 4 drag from one engine, and 5 from the pod. Total 24 power 9 drag, plus whatever mass or drag the extra fuselage section to mount the pod on costs.nevermind that's gone.
    Push-Pull nacelle would be two engines at 11 power each, 4 drag from one engine, and either -4 Strain +1 Lift Bleed (inside) or 8 drag for offset. Total 22 power 4 drag -4 strain 1 bleed or 22 power 12 drag.

    Quite odd.

    On the other hand, pod/pod is considerably easier to get on the centerline (as it's there by default), so that's sort of handy.
     
    Last edited:
    thepsyborg said:
    Push-Pull pod would be two engines at 12 power each, 4 drag from one engine, and 5 from the pod.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    oh shit, I'm double counting engine drag on all my designs

    edit:I'm going to continue posting designs assuming 25 power 12 drag for nacelle/nacelle until told otherwise by @open_sketchbook

    edit2: went and recalculated with the definitely legal inline pod. Not redoing math charts on forum though
    -paper tandem triple keeps the same twin performance using 24 power 9 drag for the pod, with more reliability and 140 single engine, 150 single engine with drag optimization (down from 150/160)
    -same speed changes to tandem amphib triple
    -Same again for canvas amphib triple
     
    Last edited:
    someplaneguy said:
    edit2: went and recalculated with the definitely legal inline pod. Not redoing math charts on forum though
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    Um. Not to be a giant pain, but if you don't, I'm 90% likely to miss this update post when I skim the thread for green text to update the comparison table.

    -paper tandem triple keeps the same twin performance using 24 power 9 drag for the pod, with more reliability and 140 single engine, 150 single engine with drag optimization (down from 150/160)
    -same speed changes to tandem amphib triple
    -Same again for canvas amphib triple
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    Seems decent. Not amazing, but definitely decent.
     
    thepsyborg said:
    Um. Not to be a giant pain, but if you don't, I'm 90% likely to miss this update post when I skim the thread for green text to update the comparison table
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    I changed the summary but not the math table, that should be enough right?

    Would anyone be interested in a single engine plane with the same crew/passenger area, 10 fuel uses, stall 12, max 20, and 14 円?
     
    someplaneguy said:
    I changed the summary but not the math table, that should be enough right?

    Would anyone be interested in a single engine plane with the same crew/passenger area, 10 fuel uses, stall 12, max 20, and 14 円?
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    Someone, yes. It would sell amazingly I have no doubt. And then the Damn Akitsukuni Engine would blow up, or seize, or blow up, or catch fire, or blow up, or stall, or blow up, or spring a leak, or blow up, and thirteen people would die, and Asuka would have 8 Stress again.

    So let's not, mmkay?

    Edit: And as long as you have spreadsheet links for Sketch if the design wins that should be plenty.
     
    thepsyborg said:
    Someone, yes. It would sell amazingly I have no doubt. And then the Damn Akitsukuni Engine would blow up, or seize, or blow up, or catch fire, or blow up, or stall, or blow up, or spring a leak, or blow up, and thirteen people would die, and Asuka would have 8 Stress again
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    Awww, you didn't even mention the 3 toughness, 22 strain, or the paper wings!
    thepsyborg said:
    And as long as you have spreadsheet links for Sketch if the design wins that should be plenty.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    Yeah, I've got it all in excel files but transcribing that to forum is awful.
     
    someplaneguy said:
    Awww, you didn't even mention the 3 toughness, 22 strain, or the paper wings!

    Yeah, I've got it all in excel files but transcribing that to forum is awful.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    I find Google Docs to be the superior option for internet-y things because while it's no easier to transcribe to forum tables, it is really easy to just post a shareable link to the spreadsheet instead.

    But I guess you'd need an anonymized Google account name or not care particularly about your anonymity for that to be an option.
     
    Okay, real quick, @open_sketchbook can you confirm whether positive Thrust is needed to maintain level flight (as opposed to 0 being good enough as long as you don't want to gain speed)? If it is, I think the rules might want to specify that somewhere, because at present I'm pretty sure it's not spelled out and evidently it's not entirely obvious.
     
    Here's an amphibious aircraft with double-hoop style wings and a sane fuselage. Sacrifices quite a bit for the hybrid floats, but still pretty decent. I'm calling it the Dugong because it can land on water and, like a dugong, is somewhat slower than it otherwise could be.

    Dugong
    Part 円 Mass Drag Structure Strain Frame Other
    CREW              
    Pilot, Windscreen 1 2 1     -1 +2 Bail Out
    +Connection   1          
    Copilot, Windscreen 1 2 1     -1 +2 Bail Out
    +Connection   1          
    +Copilot Controls 1          
    +3 Authority
    -1 Flight Stress

    "Passengers x15"
    Passengers x11
    Steward x1
    Drinks x1
    Bathroom x2    ​
    		   15       -6  
    +Connection   1          
    ENGINES              

    Ogre Z Alpha V-6 #1
    Fuselage Pusher
    (center)     		6 8 4      
    14 Power
    5 Fuel Use
    -4 PSTAB
    Reliability -7(+5)
    Overspeed 23
    Radiator, Drag 4
    Panel, Low, Glycol     		  3 4      
    + 12 Reliability
    Radiator, Drag 4
    Panel, Low, Glycol     		  3 4       + 12 Reliability

    Ogre Z Alpha V-6 #2
    in-wing nacelle (center, parasol wing)     		6 8 4       +1 Lift Bleed
    14 Power
    5 Fuel Use
    Reliability -7(+5)
    Overspeed 23
    COVERING & FRAME              
    Frame, Wood, Base   3   10      
    Moulded Plywood x7 7 7 7 14   7  
    Canvas x7     14     7  
    WINGS              

    Fore, Parasol
    15m Span, 16m2​ Area     		    1   -21   +3 PSTAB
    -1 Lift Bleed

    Fore, Mid
    15m Span, 16m2​ Area     		    1   -16   +3 Lift Bleed
    +1 Authority
    Aft, Parasol
    14m Span, 15m2​ Area     		    1   -19   +3 PSTAB
    +2 Lift Bleed
    +1 Authority
    Fore, Mid
    14m Span, 15m2​ Area     		    1   -14   +3 Lift Bleed
    +1 Authority

    Covering: Canvas     		             
    Longest Wing Effects             -6 Authority

    Extreme Negative Stagger Biplane     		           
    -2 PSTAB
    -2 Lift Bleed
    Inline semi-Tandem     -10      
    +1 Lift Bleed
    +3 PSTAB
    Closed Wing   12 -3   17    
    Total Wing Area Drag     16        
    STABILIZERS              
    No Horizontal Stabilizer              
    Single Vertical Stabilizer
    In Prop-stream     		    4        
    CONTROL SURFACES              
    Large Control Surfaces             ICP is top of ICR
    Ailerons: Default              
    Rudder: Flying            
    -2 LSTAB
    +2 ICR
    Elevator: Default              
    REINFORCEMENT              
    Struts, Wood, x5 5 5 15 25 25   67 Tension
    Wing truss 1   6       25 Tension
    Wires     5   92    
    LOAD              
    Fuel Tanks, In Fuselage, x7   7       -4  
    Fuel, In Fuselage   35         35 Fuel Uses (17.5/engine)

    Cargo x15
    passenger luggage x11,
    crew luggage x3, mailbag x1
    (room for extra MP if
    less than full fuel)     		  15       -2  

    UPGRADES​
    		              

    Radiator Loop     		1           Cabin/cockpit heating
    Pull and spring starter x1 2            
    Extended Drive Shaft 2 1          
    LANDING GEAR              
    Hybrid floats     37        
                   
    TOTAL 33 129 113 49 62    
    Propellor Pitch: Very Fine
    Stability 4, Max Strain 37, Toughness 12, Handling 72, Fuel Endurance 17 (35 1 engine), Max Speed 21 (14 1 engine), Boost 1, DropOff 6, Stall 12, Ideal Control Range 8-24, Flight Stress 2
    • Price: 33円
    • Payload: 11 passengers, 3 crew, 1 mass luggage per passenger and per crew member, 1 mass drinks/snacks/boxed meals, 1 mass airmail bag. Extra MP cargo if it takes off with 6MP fuel (still enough to reach the colonies)
    • Performance: 210kph at sea level, 17 Fuel Uses (140 kph and 35 fuel uses on one engine), 120kph stall, Flight Stress 2
      • With one Streamlining optimization: 220kph at sea level, 150 kph with one engine
      • With one Lightening optimization: 110kph stall, 18 fuel uses (37 on one engine)
    • Pro: Not made of paper, bathroom, cabin heat, under budget(if only just), positive stability (but not too high!), great strain, engine Reliability +5, crew luggage allowance, amphibious, center-line thrust, ideal control range covers entire flight envelope, economy mode with almost double range, doesn't need economy mode to reach the colonies, nice and weird without being as insane as some.
    • Con: Can't get to Flight Stress 1 even with optimization. Based on rules of tentative legality. Not the fastest plane in the world. Some people who value the literal truth might think it has more than two wings, and thus doesn't meet our basic requirements. Fuel and an engine are in the fuselage with the cabin. Wacky wing configuration.
    Appearance/layout details for @4WheelSword:
    This plane has a single fuselage of fairly conventional design housing the crew, passengers, cargo and fuel, with a pusher engine on the back which has an extended drive shaft so as not to interfere with the tail. The wings are a pair of long, thin loops, much like the double-hoop. The lower wings are mid wings, while the upper surfaces are parasol. The rear wing loop is just a little shorter than the front one, but of similar thickness, and both loops have a substantial negative stagger. There is an engine mounted in an in-wing nacelle in the center of the front top surface. Both engines feature small panel radiators mounted below them. There is no separate horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer is a single, proportionately large one of conventional placement. it is a flying rudder design. The landing gear is hybrid floats.

    Spreadsheet link
     
    Last edited:
    This is almost the same plane as the dugong, but not amphibious and optimized differently. Pretty good performance. I could have gone for higher speed, but optimized differently on the grounds that speed at altitude would still reach the cap anyway. The name is because I am rapidly running out of good D-names.

    Deer
    Part 円 Mass Drag Structure Strain Frame Other
    CREW              
    Pilot, Windscreen 1 2 1     -1 +2 Bail Out
    +Connection   1          
    Copilot, Windscreen 1 2 1     -1 +2 Bail Out
    +Connection   1          
    +Copilot Controls 1          
    +3 Authority
    -1 Flight Stress

    "Passengers x15"
    Passengers x11
    Steward x1
    Drinks x1
    Bathroom x2    ​
    		   15       -6  
    +Connection   1          
    ENGINES              

    Ogre Z Alpha V-6 #1
    Fuselage Pusher
    (center)     		6 8 4      
    14 Power
    5 Fuel Use
    -4 PSTAB
    Reliability -7(+5)
    Overspeed 23
    Radiator, Drag 4
    Panel, Low, Glycol     		  3 4      
    + 12 Reliability
    Radiator, Drag 4
    Panel, Low, Glycol     		  3 4       + 12 Reliability

    Ogre Z Alpha V-6 #2
    in-wing nacelle (center, parasol wing)     		6 8 4       +1 Lift Bleed
    14 Power
    5 Fuel Use
    Reliability -7(+5)
    Overspeed 23
    COVERING & FRAME              
    Frame, Wood, Base   3   10      
    Moulded Plywood x7 7 7 7 14   7  
    Canvas x7     14     7  
    WINGS              

    Fore, Parasol
    15m Span, 18m2​ Area     		    3   -21   +3 PSTAB
    -1 Lift Bleed

    Fore, Mid
    15m Span, 18m2​ Area     		    3   -16   +3 Lift Bleed
    +1 Authority
    Aft, Parasol
    15m Span, 17m2​ Area     		    2   -21   +3 PSTAB
    +2 Lift Bleed
    +1 Authority
    Fore, Mid
    15m Span, 17m2​ Area     		    2   -16   +3 Lift Bleed
    +1 Authority

    Covering: Canvas     		             
    Longest Wing Effects             -6 Authority

    Extreme Negative Stagger Biplane     		           
    -2 PSTAB
    -2 Lift Bleed
    Inline semi-Tandem     -10      
    +1 Lift Bleed
    +3 PSTAB
    Closed Wing   14 -5   18    
    Total Wing Area Drag     18        
    STABILIZERS              
    No Horizontal Stabilizer              
    Single Vertical Stabilizer
    In Prop-stream     		    4        
    CONTROL SURFACES              
    Large Control Surfaces             ICP is top of ICR
    Ailerons: Default              
    Rudder: Flying            
    -2 LSTAB
    +2 ICR
    Elevator: Default              
    REINFORCEMENT              
    Struts, Wood, x5 5 5 15 25 25   67 Tension
    Wing truss 1   6       25 Tension
    Wires     5   92    
    LOAD              
    Fuel Tanks, In Fuselage, x7   7       -4  
    Fuel, In Fuselage   35         35 Fuel Uses (17.5/engine)
    Microtanx x3   3          

    Cargo x15
    passenger luggage x11,
    crew luggage x3, mailbag x1
    (room for extra MP if
    less than full fuel)     		  15       -2  

    UPGRADES​
    		              

    Radiator Loop     		1           Cabin/cockpit heating
    Pull and spring starter x1 2            
    Extended Drive Shaft 2 1          
    LANDING GEAR              
    Conventional fixed     25        
                   
    TOTAL 33 134 108 49 57    
    Propellor Pitch: Very Fine
    Stability 4, Max Strain 31, Toughness 18, Handling 71, Fuel Endurance 19 (38 1 engine), Max Speed 21 (15 1 engine), Boost 1, DropOff 6, Stall 11, Ideal Control Range 4-22, Flight Stress 2
    • Price: 33円
    • Payload: 11 passengers, 3 crew, 1 mass luggage per passenger and per crew member, 1 mass drinks/snacks/boxed meals, 1 mass airmail bag. Extra MP cargo if it takes off with 6MP fuel (still enough to reach the colonies)
    • Performance: 210kph at sea level, 19 Fuel Uses (150 kph and 38 fuel uses on one engine), 110kph stall, Flight Stress 2
      • With one Streamlining optimization: 220kph at sea level, 160 kph with one engine
      • With one Lightening optimization: 110kph stall, either 39 1-engine fuel uses or 1 extra MP cargo permanently and 18 fuel endurance, 36 single engine.
    • Pro: Not made of paper, bathroom, cabin heat, under budget(if only just), positive stability (but not too high!), generous strain and toughness, engine Reliability +5, crew luggage allowance, center-line thrust, ideal control range covers entire flight envelope, economy mode with almost double range, doesn't need economy mode to reach the colonies, 180 single engine cruise at altitude, 110 stall speed, nice and weird without being as insane as some.
    • Con: Can't get to Flight Stress 1 even with optimization. Based on rules of tentative legality. Not the fastest plane in the world. Some people who value the literal truth might think it has more than two wings, and thus doesn't meet our basic requirements. Fuel and an engine are in the fuselage with the cabin. Wacky wing configuration.
    Appearance/layout details for @4WheelSword:
    As the dugong, but with conventional landing gear and slightly different wing geometry. Both sets are of equal length and just a little less thin than the dugong's, with the front being the thicker of the two. These are still really skinny wings, though.

    Spreadsheet link
     
    Re-Revised comparison table! Note that all MOST designs meet all of the required benchmarks; the "Goals" column indicates how many of the preferred ones are met- except those which would require research, since we already voted to ban spending additional stress this routine. Yellow text indicates any category that falls short by one increment. (Orange would be two or more. Red would be failure to meet the mandatory requirements. Thankfully, I had no call to use either of these colors.)
    Changelog:
    • Split table into several smaller tables (see below)
    • Eliminated some extraneous color-coding: the best unoptimized values of each column in a category gets a gold star☆ unless 3+ designs in the category have the same value (so no, there's not a yellow star on every plane with +5 engine reliability); yellow is still anything that falls short of a preferred goal by one increment, orange two or more, red fails to meet requirements. The blue/purple crap is gone.
    -[X] LAYOUT
    --[X] At least two Ogres, probably twin-boom pusher.
    --[X] Two wings, probably tandem, exact arrangement TBD.
    --[X] Two flight crew (pilot and copilot) plus an air steward / skybutler.
    --[X] 10 passengers plus luggage.
    -[X] ESSENTIAL
    --[X] Positive stability
    --[X] 8 Fuel Uses
    --[X] Safe engine-out level flight capability at full load.
    -[X] PREFERABLE
    --[X] 200kph+
    --[X] 15+ Fuel Uses
    --[X] Cabin/cockpit heat, intercom, pushrod controls, Stability max 5 (lower flight stress)
    --[X] Full-load stall speed 12 or less
    --[X] Engines and fuel located away from, preferably behind, the passenger compartment.
    Tables are split according to the following, since no design I'm aware of has all three features, and nearly all have two of them:
    A: 11 passengers + crew luggage
    B: Guaranteed 1 Flight Stress.
    C: Not made of paper.

    Within each table, designs are listed in order of their posting in the thread.

    These have only one of the three categorizing features.
    Cat Design Goals Cost Speed Stall Strain Tough Range Stress Reliab Notes Link
    B Joseon Express Rev.1
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 32円 200
    210
    200     		110 21
    21
    23     		29☆
    29
    27     		17 1 +5 Paper
    Slim Strain margin
    Revision pending     		#14687
    B Paper Tandem Triplane
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円☆ 210☆
    220
    210     		80☆ 25
    25
    26     		11
    11
    10     		10 1 +5 Not two wings
    Paper
    Amazingly low stall speed     		#14992
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 140
    150
    140     		" " " 18☆ " "    

    These have 11 passengers and a mass allowance for crew luggage, and are guaranteed Flight Stress 1, but are paper.
    Cat Design Goals Cost Speed Stall Strain Tough Range Stress Reliab Notes Link
    AB Dagon-Paper
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円 200
    210
    200     		110 31
    31
    32     		18
    18
    17     		16 1 +5 As Dagon, plus:
    Paper     		#14761
                          "As Dagon":
    11 passengers
    crew luggage
    exploity?     		 

    These have 11 passengers and a mass allowance for crew luggage, and are not paper, but are not guaranteed (and in some cases cannot achieve even with a single optimization) Flight Stress 1.
    Cat Design Goals Cost Speed Stall Strain Tough Range Stress Reliab Notes Link
    AC Donkey
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6
    5/6
    6/6     		30円 210
    220
    210     		130
    130
    120     		30
    30
    32     		19
    19
    17     		17 2
    2
    1     		+5 11 passengers
    crew luggage     		#14696
    AC Dagon
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円☆ 200
    210
    200     		120
    120
    110     		28
    28
    30     		22
    22
    20     		16 2
    2
    1     		+5 11 passengers
    crew luggage
    exploity?     		#14761
    AC Dromedary
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6
    6/6
    5/6     		28円☆ 190
    200
    190     		120
    120
    110     		30
    30
    32     		19
    19
    17     		16 2
    2
    1     		+5 11 passengers
    crew luggage
    conventional/boring     		#14765
    AC Double-Hoop (?)
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 33円 220☆
    230
    220     		120
    120
    110     		28
    28
    30     		26☆
    26
    24     		18 2 +5 BRIDGE OF DOOOOOOOOOM
    Possibly not two wings
    Is utterly nuts     		#14946
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 150
    160
    150     		" " " 37 " " crazy range on single engine
    wingwalking is not SOP
    or shouldn't be     		 
    AC Dugong (?)
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6 33円 210
    220
    210     		120
    120
    110     		37☆
    37
    39     		12
    12
    10     		17 2 +5 Amphibious
    Colonial range at full speed
    Record-obliterating SEO range     		#15007
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 140
    150
    140     		" " " 35
    35
    37     		" " Possibly not two wings
    One engine + some fuel not
    away from passengers     		 
    AC Deer (?)
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6 33円 210
    220
    210     		110 31
    31
    33     		18
    18
    16     		16-19
    16-19
    18-19     		2 +5 Colonial range at full speed
    Record-obliterating SEO range
    Possibly not two wings     		#15009
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 150
    160
    150     		" " " 33-38☆
    33-38
    36-39     		" " One engine + some fuel not
    away from passengers
    Full 1MP extra cargo for 2-3 fuel uses     		 

    These are guaranteed Flight Stress 1 and are not made of paper, but carry only the minimum 10 passengers and have no mass allowance for crew luggage.
    Cat Design Goals Cost Speed Stall Strain Tough Range Stress Reliab Notes Link
    BC Donkey-Lite
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 27円 210
    220
    210     		120
    120
    110*     		28
    28
    29     		9
    9
    8     		15
    15
    19*     		1 +5 *w/Lighten, choose 1:
    120 stall/19 range
    110 stall/17 range     		#14696
      Donkey-Lite Amphib
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6
    6/6
    5/6     		" 190
    200
    190     		" " " " " " As Donkey-Lite,
    plus: Amphibious
    minus: 20kph     		 
    BC Daimyo
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 34円
    34円
    28円     		210
    220
    210     		120 25
    25
    27     		11
    11
    9     		15 1 +3 Engine Reliability not max #14738
    BC Droop-wing
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円 200
    210
    200     		120 29
    29
    30     		21
    21
    20     		15
    15
    17*     		1 +5 *or Range 19 w/
    both optimizations
    or microtank abuse
    gull-wings are sexy     		#14830
    BC Fast Droop-wing
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円 210
    220
    210     		120 36
    36
    37     		6
    6
    5     		15
    15
    19     		1 +5 low Toughness
    gull-wings are sexy     		#14836
    BC Dogfish
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6 27円 210
    220
    210     		110
    110
    100     		25
    25
    26     		9
    9
    8     		8 1 +5 No colonial range
    Amphibious     		#14898
    BC Small Droop-Wing
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		4/6 27円 190
    ?
    190     		120
    120
    ?     		21
    21
    23     		6
    6
    4     		9 1 +5 Amphibious
    No colonial range
    See Note 1     		#14906
    BC Tandem Amphib                   Stricken at author request
    Better versions available
    Links remain for reference
    #14928
    #14944
    BC Tandem Amphib Triplane
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 31円 200
    210
    200     		120
    120
    110     		35
    35
    36     		4
    4
    3     		10 1 +5 Not two wings
    Amphibious     		#14975
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 140
    150
    140     		" " " 18☆ " "    
    BC Canvas Amphib Triplane
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 25円☆ 200
    210
    200     		120
    120
    110     		24
    24
    26     		0!
    0!
    -2!!!!     		10 1 +5 Not two wings
    Amphibious
    Under budget
    Zero/negative Toughness     		#14982
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 140
    150
    140     		" " " 18 " "    
    Note 1: The Small Droop-Wing is, I think, an early draft of the "turn one engine off for economy cruise" concept. It has centerline thrust, but no starter, and no information on its single-engine performance is listed (and I'm darn well not calculating it myself). Listing it only for completeness.

    Cat Design Goals Cost Speed Stall Strain Tough Range Stress Reliab Notes Link
    B Joseon Express Rev.1
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 32円 200
    210
    200     		110 21
    21
    23     		29
    29
    27     		17 1 +5 Paper
    Slim Strain margin
    Revision pending     		#14687
    AC Donkey
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6
    5/6
    6/6     		30円 210
    220
    210     		130
    130
    120     		30
    30
    32     		19
    19
    17     		17 2
    2
    1     		+5 11 passengers
    crew luggage     		#14696
    BC Donkey-Lite
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 27円 210
    220
    210     		120
    120
    110*     		28
    28
    29     		9
    9
    8     		15
    15
    19*     		1 +5 *w/Lighten, choose 1:
    120 stall/19 range
    110 stall/17 range     		#14696
      Donkey-Lite Amphib
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6
    6/6
    5/6     		" 190
    200
    190     		" " " " " " As Donkey-Lite,
    plus: Amphibious
    minus: 20kph     		 
    BC Daimyo
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 34円
    34円
    28円     		210
    220
    210     		120 25
    25
    27     		11
    11
    9     		15 1 +3   #14738
    AC Dagon
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円 200
    210
    200     		120
    120
    110     		28
    28
    30     		22
    22
    20     		16 2
    2
    1     		+5 11 passengers
    crew luggage
    exploity?     		#14761
    AB Dagon-Paper
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円 200
    210
    200     		110 31
    31
    32     		18
    18
    17     		16 1 +5 As Dagon, plus:
    Paper     		#14761
    AC Dromedary
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6
    6/6
    5/6     		28円 190
    200
    190     		120
    120
    110     		30
    30
    32     		19
    19
    17     		16 2
    2
    1     		+5 11 passengers
    crew luggage
    conventional/boring     		#14765
    BC Droop-wing
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円 200
    210
    200     		120 29
    29
    30     		21
    21
    20     		15
    15
    17*     		1 +5 *or Range 19 w/
    both optimizations
    or microtank abuse
    gull-wings are sexy     		#14830
    BC Fast Droop-wing
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円 210
    220
    210     		120 36
    36
    37     		6
    6
    5     		15
    15
    19     		1 +5 low Toughness
    gull-wings are sexy     		#14836
    BC Dogfish
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6 27円 210
    220
    210     		110
    110
    100     		25
    25
    26     		9
    9
    8     		8 1 +5 No colonial range
    Amphibious     		#14898
    BC Small Droop-Wing
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6 27円 190
    ?
    190     		120
    120
    ?     		21
    21
    23     		6
    6
    4     		9 1 +5 Amphibious
    No colonial range
    See Note 1     		#14906
    BC Tandem Amphib                   Stricken at author request
    Better versions available
    Links remain for reference
    #14928
    #14944
    AC Double-Hoop (?)
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 33円 220
    230
    220     		120
    120
    110     		28
    28
    30     		26
    26
    24     		18 2 +5 BRIDGE OF DOOM
    Possibly not two wings
    Is utterly nuts     		#14946
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 150
    160
    150     		" " " 37 " " crazy range on single engine
    wingwalking is not SOP
    or shouldn't be     		 
    BC Tandem Amphib Triplane
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 31円 200
    210
    200     		120
    120
    110     		35
    35
    36     		4
    4
    3     		10 1 +5 Not two wings
    Amphibious     		#14975
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 140
    150
    140     		" " " 18 " "    
    BC Canvas Amphib Triplane
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 25円 200
    210
    200     		120
    120
    110     		24
    24
    26     		0!
    0!
    -2!!!!     		10 1 +5 Not two wings
    Amphibious
    Under budget
    Zero/negative Toughness     		#14982
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 140
    150
    140     		" " " 18 " "    
    B Paper Tandem Triplane
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		6/6 28円 210
    220
    210     		80 25
    25
    26     		11
    11
    10     		10 1 +5 Not two wings
    Paper     		#14992
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 140
    150
    140     		" " " 18 " "    
    AC Dugong (?)
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6 33円 210
    220
    210     		120
    120
    110     		37
    37
    39     		12
    12
    10     		17 2 +5 Amphibious
    Colonial range at full speed
    Record-obliterating SEO range     		#15007
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 140
    150
    140     		" " " 35
    35
    37     		" " Possibly not two wings
    One engine + some fuel not
    away from passengers     		 
    AC Deer (?)
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		5/6 33円 210
    220
    210     		110 31
    31
    33     		18
    18
    16     		16-19
    16-19
    18-19     		2 +5 Colonial range at full speed
    Record-obliterating SEO range
    Possibly not two wings     		#15009
      ^Single Engine Ops^
    +Streamlining 1
    +Lightening 1     		" " 150
    160
    150     		" " " 33-38
    33-38
    36-39     		" " One engine + some fuel not
    away from passengers
    Full 1MP extra cargo for 2-3 fuel uses     		 
    Note 1: The Small Droop-Wing is, I think, an early draft of the "turn one engine off for economy cruise" concept. It has centerline thrust, but no starter, and no information on its single-engine performance is listed (and I'm darn well not calculating it myself). Listing it only for completeness.

    Edit: AAAAHH not even posted and it's out of date. Hang on while I add the Deer.

    Edit edit: Okay, done.
     
    Last edited:
    [X] we share a common and important life experience and bond over it.
    [X] there's mutual attraction here.
    [X] we didn't get a fair shot at it last time. we deserve another chance.
     
    open_sketchbook said:
    Lusania-Carvale, who had been dominating the short-ranged racing scene, had a plane whose wings were a flattened oval in shape, mimicking a biplane without turbulence-generating wingtips.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    Was rereading and noticed this, from all the way back at the Great Race. Apparently neither the existence of wingtip vortices, nor closed wings as an answer to them, are entirely new to the Gayaverse. I think, at least as far as wing configuration goes, @brmj 's closed-wing designs are entirely setting- and period-appropriate. (The Double-Hoop's Bridge of Doom, not so much, but hey, that's what the Dugong and Deer are for.)
     
    [X] we didn't get a fair shot at it last time. we deserve another chance.
    [X] we share a common and important life experience and bond over it.
    [X] asuka feels like this is cheating on yachi.
     
    Would an ABC design be a thing people would want? Because the benefits of copilot controls stack, so adding a third crew member would be a really simple way to cheese it. I don't think that this is actually all that useful in practical terms since it increases operating costs for an airline, but we can do it.
     
    I kinda love the bridge of doom.

    And tbh, having the option to walk outside on the first passenger plane is likely to have a huge cultural impact that I want to see- it's where every in media res about flying is going to start, you know it to.

    And wouldn't it be awesome to be married in the open air? Esp if we had starters and could cut engine/glide during ceremony, facing each other on the wing. Start a mythos thing that nb/cis marriages are of the air, and should be held in the air?
     
    brmj said:
    Would an ABC design be a thing people would want? Because the benefits of copilot controls stack, so adding a third crew member would be a really simple way to cheese it. I don't think that this is actually all that useful in practical terms since it increases operating costs for an airline, but we can do it.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    I thought about that, and I agree- it would look good on our spreadsheets, but I doubt it would work out that well in practice.
     
    Glau said:
    I kinda love the bridge of doom.

    And tbh, having the option to walk outside on the first passenger plane is likely to have a huge cultural impact that I want to see- it's where every in media res about flying is going to start, you know it to.

    And wouldn't it be awesome to be married in the open air? Esp if we had starters and could cut engine/glide during ceremony, facing each other on the wing. Start a mythos thing that nb/cis marriages are of the air, and should be held in the air?
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...

    The hurricane-force winds from the speed necessary to not crash would put something of a damper on any romaticism or attempts at ceremonies, I imagine. Fine for action scenes though.
     
    thepsyborg said:
    Zero/negative Toughness
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    Negative toughness is against the rules since at zero toughness the strain is capped by structure. With a lightening that plane retains strain 24 toughness 0.

    When you exceed the strain on a plane with positive toughness the wings fall off and everyone probably dies but at least they've got the fuselage to cushion their fall.
    When you exceed the strain on a plane with zero toughness the wings don't fall off. Instead the bits of the fuselage that the wings are attached to falls off and takes the wings with it. This time everyone definitely dies because they don't have a fuselage to absorb some of the impact from lithobraking.
     
    someplaneguy said:
    Negative toughness is against the rules since at zero toughness the strain is capped by structure. With a lightening that plane retains strain 24 toughness 0.

    When you exceed the strain on a plane with positive toughness the wings fall off and everyone probably dies but at least they've got the fuselage to cushion their fall.
    When you exceed the strain on a plane with zero toughness the wings don't fall off. Instead the bits of the fuselage that the wings are attached to falls off and takes the wings with it. This time everyone definitely dies because they don't have a fuselage to absorb some of the impact from lithobraking.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    ...doh. I knew that. At some point. Dunno how I forgot it.

    Zero toughness is still bad enough, I guess.
     
    thepsyborg said:
    Zero toughness is still bad enough, I guess.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    Zero toughness is only bad if the strain is low. A high strain and low toughness just means that the wings are well attached to a strong fuselage. A low strain and low toughness indicates that the fuselage is weak. A low strain and high toughness means that the wings aren't attached very well to a strong fuselage.
     
    someplaneguy said:
    Zero toughness is only bad if the strain is low. A high strain and low toughness just means that the wings are well attached to a strong fuselage. A low strain and low toughness indicates that the fuselage is weak. A low strain and high toughness means that the wings aren't attached very well to a strong fuselage.
    Click to expand...
    Click to shrink...
    By this logic and strictly speaking we ought to be optimizing as close as possible to Toughness 0 while keeping Strain comfortably above max speed. However, Toughness is also general resilience-to-damage, and as such I've been trying to keep it above about ten, to allow for a certain amount of wear and tear, bumpy landings, lazy maintenance, and so on and so forth.
     
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