According to Jolan Chang, in early Chinese history, women played a significant role in the Tao (道) of loving, and that the degeneration into subordinate roles came much later in Chinese history.[18] Women were also given a prominent place in the Ishinpō, with the tutor being a woman. One of the reasons women had a great deal of strength in the act of sex was that they walked away undiminished from the act. The woman had the power to bring forth life, and did not have to worry about ejaculation or refractory period. To quote Laozi from the Tao Te Ching: "The Spirit of the Valley is inexhaustible... Draw on it as you will, it never runs dry."[19]
Women also helped men extend their lives. Many of the ancient texts were dedicated explanations of how a man could use sex to extend his own life but, his life was extended only through the absorption of the woman's vital energies (
jing and
qi). Some Taoists came to call the act of sex "the battle of stealing and strengthening".
[20] These sexual methods could be correlated with Taoist military methods. Instead of storming the gates, the battle was a series of feints and maneuvers that would sap the enemy's resistance.
[21] Fang described this battle as "the ideal was for a man to 'defeat' the 'enemy' in the sexual 'battle' by keeping himself under complete control so as not to emit semen, while at the same time exciting the woman until she reached orgasm and shed her Yin essence, which was then absorbed by the man."
[22]
Jolan Chang points out that it was after the
Tang dynasty (AD 618–906) that "the Tao of Loving" was "steadily corrupted", and that it was these later corruptions that reflected battle imagery and elements of a "vampire" mindset.
[23] Other research into early Taoism found more harmonious attitudes of yin-yang communion.
[24]
[...]
Some
Ming dynasty Taoist
sects believed that one way for men to achieve longevity or 'towards immortality' is by having intercourse with
virgins, particularly young virgins. Taoist sexual books by Liangpi
[26] and Sanfeng
[27] call the female partner
ding (
鼎) and recommend sex with pre
menarche virgins.
Liangpi concludes that the ideal
ding is a pre-menarche virgin just under 14 years of age and women older than 18 should be avoided.
[28] Sanfeng went further and divided
ding partners into three ranks of descending importance: premenarche virgins aged 14-16,
menstruating virgins aged 16-20 and women aged 21-25.
[29][30]