I haven't really read any of the rulebooks/lore books and only read from reddit threads and watched YouTube explanations from Luetin09 and Majorkill, before him so take my info with a grain, or a lot, of salt.
But from what I understand planetary governors vary from minor to powerful and depending on their influence and power, and can even expand to claim subsectors or even claim the sector itself and the imperium itself would be fine as long as they: provide their tithe, remain loyal to the Emperor, and suffer not the alien (With some exceptions), the mutant (With some exceptions), and the heretic (No exceptions).
Ever since I got into Imperial Governor WH40k Quests I've been reading up on it and for the most part the wh40k community claim that the extent of a planetary governors powers are only limited to their influence and reach. With even some sectors going to war with one another, and planetary governors commanding their PDF like a medieval levy they call upon when they want/need to and to go beyond their own star systems they are more than capable of purchasing warp capable ships, as long as they can afford it and it doesn't dig into their imperial tithe.
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