Tu felix Austria... (Interwar Austria)

"Hussarenritt Pt. 2"
Der Hussarenritt, Part 2/4
17.4.1929

Hidden in the clouds as they Benjamin once again called out heading and airspeed, allowing the navigator to calculate their position once more. It was a nervous habit that showed up every now and then, but under the circumstances Hans was far more indulgent than usually. Even if they had their fancy navigation equipment, there was something soothing about confirming it with your own mind.

Usually under these condition they'd flown lower, but this wasn't a civilian flight. They had orders to avoid being spotted, even if nobody should expect any bombers, let alone ones striking so far south. Should, would, we have sources. Hans didn't trust them.

Gently they travelled south. Hans kept an eye out, because despite the fact that no sane person would fly in these clouds, he knew that five other planes should be in them, and a collision would be embarrassing. Still, it was Benjamin who first spotted something through a gap in the clouds.

"There's a coastline down there.", he said and pointed forwards.

"Got to be Istria." Hans answered. He had flown on Balkan routes occupationally, even once or twice via Triest. Usually however they didn't fly via the coast. They'd land at Leibach, Marburg or Agram, then Hermannstadt or Belgrad, and onwards towards Sofia or Bukarest and then Constantinople or Athens. Benjamin on the other hand had until now always stayed north of the Alps.

Kosmas craned his neck to get a glimpse of the land as well, then turned to the navigation equipment, checking the twin oscilloscopes, the clock and the map. "Right on target" he announced.

Hans frowned, his own quick calculations had them some 10 kilometres further north, but it seemed they had a bit more backwind than expected.

"Half an hour to Ancona" Banjamin reminded everyone.

Hans simply grunted affirmative. Somedays it surprised him still just how fast an AR.2, an AR Drache he corrected himself, was. Two hours to their target, two hours for those who could afford a flight, for a distance that took days not long ago. Weeks for the average traveller a century ago he reminded himself. He lived in a marvellous age.

"Think the weather report will hold up? Or did the meteorologists misread their tea leaves again?" he asked Benjamin.

"No chance in hell." came the answer "Even if they did seem to get better at it the last few years."

-

Weather had held up surprisingly well, however as they approached the Italian coast the clouds became more and more ragged. Enough so that every now and then you'd see another aircraft in the distance, leading all six of them to form up with each other again. Nobody had become lost, nobody developed a fault and the navigation equipment had been working perfectly.

With the port of Ancona to their right the squadron gently banked and crossed over enemy territory. Even as the mountains quickly grew in front of them, nerves started to lay blank. They all had flown in training exercises against the F-S 25 and more recently the F-S 28. If the Umpires were right, those little planes were deadly with their Oerlikon canons. Hans had his doubts about that, but had heard the lecture often enough to carefully keep an eye out. Even the faster F-S 28 had problems keeping up with an AR.2, especially if one could trade attitude for speed, and supposedly the Italian fighters were slower. Still better not to need it.

As they passed over the Apennines they carefully adjusted course a couple of times, before Benjamin called out: "There, the Tiber."

And right there, just as the sun broke through the late afternoon clouds, was the glittering, meandering band of the river. Hans pulled out his sunglasses to ward off the glare, then checked on their flight leader. When he saw the turn he followed it in, leading them toward the sun. It wasn't ideal, but it had been judged that circling around would be more dangerous.

They followed the river for five minutes before once again Benjamin's eyes proved superior: "There's the airport, just left of the river. That means..."

"Over the park, find the museum and then due south..." Hans muttered as he pushed the plane into a shallow dive. Airoporto del Littorio to the lefe, follow the right edge of the Parco di Ada…

All the while their aircraft sank lower, as did their companions. The airspeed indicator had risen to nearly 360 km/h, though hard data on the new Fiat fighters had been lacking in their briefing. Who knew what they really could manage? The intelligence guy who had briefed them was certain that they were in service, but admitted that they had no idea where and in what numbers.

As he reached 500 meters attitude, he spotted the Villa Borghese right ahead. He levelled out, and the ordered: "Kosmas, your up."

No flak, no fighters, a straight run. Even he could have hit the target easily in those conditions, so it rankled double that he would have to hand over aiming to Kosmas' mechanical wonder. In his mind he counted down the seconds as they flashed over the city, due south from their last navigation point. The bomb bay doors in the back dropping open caused the wind to howl though the opening. He was counting down, counting the seconds, until just as he reached sixteen, there was a lurch as they dropped their deadly load.

"Confirm bombs away." he demanded. There needed to be visual confirmation.

"Bombs away" Kosmas confirmed.

Hans pushed the button that allowed the small electrical motor to close the bomb bay, then dropped them further towards the city, even as four of his five companions started to climb sharply. They'd, barring any incident, would meet up again over the Adriatic. In the mean time, everyone would scatter and run on their own.

As they reached the roof height the airspeed indicator had exceeded 370 km/h and was still slowly rising. Hans didn't think about it too much, he knew that the wings were rated to keep up to that much stress. If non of the so called technicians had messed anything up during conversion, that is. As he curved their flight path to the right he dropped them another couple of meter, following the railway tracks out the city.

They were moving faster than anything had any right to be, they were untouchable. There was nothing in the skies that could keep up with them. And when they were out of range of the military airports around Rome, they'd climb again, gain energy, and lose any potential pursuer in the clouds.

For a second Hans regretted that his was simply flying his converted AR.2 instead of the purpose build Drachen that had been announced to arrive soon. Those had machine guns, and didn't just rely on speed for safety.

"Train ahead." Benjamin warned. Hans had noticed, and jerked the yoke rising a bit and moving to the right. Just then it seemed as if the entire train erupted in gun fire.


Two parts as one - the break between the two should be noticeable. This operation will lead a few people down a path most nations aren't ready for in terms of presicion bombing. For those into these things, The navigation device is in part built upon similar operational principled as Knickebein OTL - Though there are some tweaks based on ASB object that caused long dicussion about deploying them on enemy soil and caused some very strikt tampering protections and self destruction mechanisms.
 
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"Hussarenritt Pt. 3" + "Motor Industry"
Der Hussarenritt, Part 3/4
17.4.1929

"Go left," Benjamin ordered. Normally he'd never had listed to his inferior, but in this situation Hans threw the plane around, going left, nearly hitting a rooftop with a wingtip and escaping the already slacking fire completely.

"Anyone hurt?" he harshly asked, keeping his eyes towards the street he now moved along, mere meters from the ground.

"Gunsights hit, but not as if we need it anyone." Kosmas reported. Not what he had asked. But good enough. They wouldn't need it any more anyway.

Benjamin meanwhile patted himself down, then turned back and mustered their navigator, then looked at Hans for an equally long moment. "Everything seems fine." he answered.

Hans meanwhile couldn't get the howling of the wind though the bullet holes out of this mind, even as suburban villas gave way to truly agricultural land. To the right a river shimmered, the Aniene if he read and remembered the maps right.

Not even checking his the navigation, nor his watch he decided good enough and started climbing. The sharp climb cost more energy than he liked, but he liked the cover of the scattered clouds more. As they reached attitude he handed controls to Benjamin for the first time of the flight and then leaned back and closed his eyes. "That was too close." he exclaimed.

Half an hour later they crossed over the Adriatic again, sooner then expected. Quick checking with their navigation device and their maps showed that they were way off course, come 150km south of where they had planed, having passed south of Pescara.

They should have more than enough fuel to get home, but Hans recalculated the load anyway. Halfway through he stopped and re-read the fuel tank indicators. "We've lost fuel." he proclaimed.

"The tank are supposed to be self-sealing." Benjamin replied.

"We've still lost some." Hans proclaimed and then reached to switch on the radio the first time during this mission.

"Hussar two to mission control" he called out. And waited. He then repeated himself two more times.

They were a bit further south than expected, but as far as he knew from the commercial radio sets, this shouldn't have been a problem. So he tried something else: "Hussar two to all Hussar elements"

Again no answer.

"We were obviously luck." he finally concluded. No injuries, but a damaged fuel tank, a damaged bomb sight, a damaged radio…

He then rechecked the fuel gauge and did some quick calculations.

"Leaks worse than I thought. If this keeps up we'll make Fiume or Triest, maybe Leibach, but certainly not anywhere in Austria." he told them.

Kosmas eyed his tools warily. "You know what we were order to do with those."

"Burn the whole aircraft down if you can." Benjamin quoted the nasal tone of one of their instructors.

"You know..." Kosmas started then stopped, digging around in his tool kit.

"What?" Hans asked warily.

"I watched them install this, it's only three screws that hold it down". He answered, pointing at the cabinet containing their navigation device.

"Throw it out the bomb bay, let seawater take care of it even if someone finds it." Benjamin finished.

"I'll need help, to move it later." Kosmas told them, "Just hold her steady so it won't fall on me.

So yeah, wrong desicion from the start, made worse by bad luck... To be fair to Hans, he is an airline pilot pressed by greed into flying bombers, and in training he more often than not needed the speed more than the height, because fighters were already on him during the bombing run. And it was so close to a perfect mission. And I wouldn't have been able to write this sequence that I wanted, even though it didn't come out quite as I wanted it.


Gamper, Hans (1988): Introduction to Twentieth Century Austria, Bozen: Tyrolia Verlag

The Austrian Motor Industry

Austria had vibrant motor industry immediately after the Great War. Not only were established companies retooling for new peace time production, there was also a large number of newcomers to the market. Early government subsidies directed production towards work vehicles. Tractors, trucks and Pritschenwagen1​ were the main products, while cars were seen more as a luxury.

New traffic concepts at the time saw large parts of traffic on rails. This meant both trams for passenger traffic, but also extensive investments into intercity rail traffic, passenger and cargo both. The cargo should, according to the planners, be then picked up by road vehicle at cargo railway stations and distribute the cargo locally. Standardised cargo containers are part of the strategy that was decided then, though they'd take a while to spread beyond Austria.

Even with leaps that companies such as Puch, Avis, WAF or Porsche made in the post war years in matters of comfort, safety and performance, there were sectors where they didn't publicly participate.

The Treaty of St Germain limited Austria's ability to develop tanks or aircraft. From the very beginning there were attempts to bypass these, and the inspections the victors conducted.

In the 1920s and 30s there were no tanks produced in Austria, but a number of other vehicles that skirted treaty lines were. Among them were various vehicles both low key armoured as well as build with a heavy enough suspension that after market modifications could be easily made. Gräf & Stift designed and produced most of the Austrian Army's trucks. Their Pritschenwagen were quickly nicknamed the Tatschanka after the war started, as they turned up with various heavy machine guns only days later.

Puch's contribution to the Austrian Armed forces might have been even more infamous. Their collaboration with Skoda led to several tanks that were each considerably ahead of what other nations produced at the time. While officially they only produced the engines for the LT vz 28 in their Pilsen factory, the company was deeply involved in the whole design.

Meanwhile aircraft production mostly happened in the Rhine valley. The existing wharf at Bregenz was expanded, officially to finally provide a way to build machinery for larger ships at the location. While this was at least partially true, a design team and more than half of the factory space was actually working on aircraft.

In 1924 a company was founded across the border, the Altenrhein Flugzeugwerke. It was a timely decision, since it soon became apparent that German aircraft designer Claude Dornier with backing of the German government was also interested in the same property. The first AR.1 aircraft were assembled the same year, and proved to be in high demand. In it's initial configuration it seated 14 passengers, and reached a cruising speed of 195 km/h over a range of 1600 km. Demand quickly proved enough that the Swiss assembly line was expanded into a full production line. Additionally it was produced all around the world in licence production.

It was four years later that the company announced it's successor, the AR.2. While once again it was considered a revolutionary passenger air craft, we now know thanks to stolen plans that it was planned from the ground up to be converted into a bomber. The AR Drache bomber variation would first make headlines with it's bombing run on Rome in April 1929, and if anything it would only increase international purchaser demand.

Meanwhile only a short trip up the Rhine river in Kriessern the company Frey-Schnyder Cie. was founded. While several members of the design team crossed the border each day for work, it was a mostly Swiss company, assembling mostly self produced fighter aircraft. However just as Altenrhein, they too sourced their engines from Rhomberg Motorenfabrik on the other side of the Rhine.

The F-S 25 would pass mostly unnoticed, purchased only in small numbers for both the Swiss and Austrian air forces, while the F-S 28 certainly would come to the worlds notice in the Austro-Italian war.


1​Pickup trucks, basically

Austria had a lot of automobile companies immideatly post war. Most of them didn't make it to the depression. Here... Well the big ones make out better, but some of the smaller ones held on a bit longer too. Tank and aircraft production were mentioned earlier, and as you can see Austria wasn't alone in profiting from ASB.
 
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"Hussarenritt Pt. 4" + "AR Drache"
Der Hussarenritt, Part 4/4
17.4.1929

"That's Sibenning1​ up ahead." Benjamin told Hans.

"You certain?" he asked.

"Yeah the harbour is pretty distinctive." Benjamin answered.

Hans considered everything. Fuel was low, but still some left. They could find a field somewhere and try to land. But they had some other options as well.

Turning back he asked: "So sink her?"

Kosmas looked back, then answered: "I ripped out a lot of parts, but well… There's still restricted parts in her. No Class A any more and Yugolavia is relatively friendly."

Hans nodded, as expected. While he had just received one short lecture as part of training, Kosmas, expected to operate some of those new gadgets, had been told quite a bit more. At the very least the boffins back home were convinced that a lot of their technology was ahead of anyone else in the world, and the military wanted to keep it hat way. They were probably full of themselves, but he'd rather not risk their wrath over something so small.

"Right, get your parachutes, we'll fly a curve and then let her sink off shore." he ordered them. The emphasis on relations to Yugoslavia had been on the relative, not the friendly. There had been that very heated incident in Belgrad a few years ago, when a group of Serbs and Bosnians took exception at an Austrian plane staying overnight. The result hadn't been all that pretty.

He guided the plane a short trip inland, turned into a curve over the large inland lake north of the city, and then out towards the sea again. Checking the compass and the one remaining map again, he judged the distance to Italy far enough, even if the plane should glide for a while. Bari was roughly 200 kilometres, so no danger.

Hans then ordered Kosmas and Banjamin to open the back door, parachutes already strapped to all their backs. He then set the auto pilot to a very gentle dive and followed them. Jumping out an aircraft certainly had it's danger. But so did landing on some field with battle damage. And the hills and fields surrounding Sibenning hadn't exactly looked suited to it. The closest airport was Zadar, however that one was Italian, so it wasn't a choice as well.

His copilot hesitated just for a moment until he turned up, then threw himself out of the door. Hans didn't hesitate and followed him. He had done this before in training, but didn't really appreciate the sensation. Benjamin, he knew actually enjoyed it.

His chute quickly deployed, the round canopy comfortingly above him. Kosma's and Benajmin's had deployed below him. His plane slowly moved along the coast to the south, until he lost sight of it behind the coastal hills.

Their chutes apparently had caught the attention of some of the locals, a group of boys wide eyed observed them coming down from the sky.

Kosmas took the lead on this, he spoke Czech fluently, and that was apparently enough to make himself understood even in Croatia. And so they moved towards the city, surrounded by happily laughing boys, munching down the chocolate from their survival kits. He had questioned their inclusion into the kit, but obviously they made for good bribes.

As they neared the harbour two man in dark blue uniform noticed them. They were very surprised, when Hans presented them with his service revolver.

1​Šibenik, the old German name is quite obscure today

As intended it's the last we'll see of Hans and his crew. I'm certain he'll enjoy his nice, safe internment, while still getting full military pay.

AR Drache

Role: Bomber

National Origin: Switzerland

Manufacturer: Altenrhein Flugzeugwerke

First Flight: April 1929 (bomber variant)


General characteristics

Crew: 3-5

Length: 20.00m

Wingspan: 30.00m

Height: 5.2m

Wing area: 92.4m2​

Empty weight: 7.750kg

Gross weight: 11,750kg

Max takeoff weight: 12,500kg

Fuel capacity: 3800l

Powerplant: 2x Rhomberg Destrier, two row radial engine, 810 kW (1085hp)

Propellers: 3-bladed propellers


Performance

Maximum speed: 350km/h

Cruise speed: 325km/h

Range: 2,200km

Service ceiling: 7,500m

Rate of climb: 6.1m/s


Armament

2x 20mm Oerlikon FF in the nose

1x twin 20mm Oerlikon rear turret

1250 kg of bombs


The AR Drache is a bomber variant of the successful AR.2 passenger plane. A way for quick conversion exists, however those usually lack the gun armament. A serious refit is necessary, especially to add the rear turret, leading to many operators not bothering. The nearly indistinguishable shape of many bomber conversions – often even keeping the passenger windows – have made them a serious threat in irregular warfare.

This is so easy, because the AR.2 had been from the very beginning been planned with such conversions in place. The Austrian government at the time insisted on keeping at least the perception of following the various post Great War treaties, while at the same time planning to be involved in heavy fighting. This would make it necessary to not just have quick access to bomber aircraft, but also to crews trained in flying them. One of the solutions to this was the AR.2/AR Drache. The large national air line operated many of the planes. Generous contracts meant that more pilots per plane were employed than anywhere else world wide. Added to this most of the pilots had agreed to be part of the "shadow armed forces", participating in regular combat training, in exchange for even more generous pay.

And the lazy part for today, basically something you could maybe see on Wikipedia (provided the butterfly nets hold out long enough for it to turn up... Oh who am I kidding). If someone sees any big problems with that, tell me and I'll modify it. It's just something I quickly threw together.
 
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"Military Intelligence"
This one existed, even written down digitaly, in one form or another, since before I posted the first piece of this here. Today I rewrote it three times, with different framing. I'm happy enough with it now, but it's certainly not perfect.
From the Austrian National Archive, Section Evidenzamt, Box 1754 "1983, Desk of the Director, Unsorted, III"


Austria certainly had learned a lot out of it's intelligence failures of the Great War. There would be no Oberst Redl during the Austro-Italian war, it's own vetting process much improved and with a Korpsgeist that talking about their former employment is unthinkable to nearly all of their ranks.

Yet as secretive as the members of the various Austrian intelligence services of the post Great War era are, they also practice an odd openness. Unknown to most Austrians, information collected by them start to be accessible to everyone after a mere 25 years. This is of course only the case for dead acts, and restrictions on information pertaining still living people still apply, but it means that nearly all foreign intelligence on Italy during the war is open to anyone with an historic interest.

Therefore it can be said, that while their human intelligence during the conflict was merely average, their signal intelligence was anything but. From declassified acts of the Evidenzamt we can see that Austria possessed the ability to intercept nearly all Italian military radio traffic and broke all known codes within 24 hours. Add to this that a large amount of civilian radio was recorded and that there were taps on some telegraph lines, the biggest problem must have been sifting though all this information. At best guesses of expert who did work themselves through that corpus of information Austria had access to over 90% of Italian Army military signal traffic at the start of the war. To the credit of the Italians, this fell to less than 70% by the end of the war, mostly due to use of couriers, but it was still more than enough for the Austrian Army to archive the successes they did.

Add to this, there are transcripts from private rooms of Italian fascist leaders as well as from their Ministry of War. With the most important offices in the Palazzo Baracchini wired up, one has to ask the question just why the Austrian military undertook their precision bomber strike known as the Hussarenritt on just that object in the opening week of the war?

Then Alfredo Biacchi published his meta-analysis of Italian military radio traffic and their actions during the war, and found that the accessible Evidenzamt data must be missing certain key orders. While this can be explained by coincident, especially the Italian counterpart data destroyed in an air raid one must assume that this might not have been by chance, but deliberately done by the Austrians, in order to hide an even bigger secret in the veil of openness.

In this context the memoires of Pietro Gazzera become more interesting. Gazzera was at the time of Mussolini's death Under-Secretary in the Ministry of War, leaving him the highest ranked member of said Ministry, since Mussolini held the office of Minister himself. He claims not to have given the order to invade Austria, instead blaming it on Italo Balbo. Balbo at the time would have been involved in the short and sharp power struggle within the fascist hierarchy, that led to his confirmation as Mussolini's designated successor. Interestingly enough, there is no archive data of any orders by him from these chaotic days.

With that information one has to ask, if Austria didn't use their near total knowledge of Italian radio signals offensively, in order to stage the war in the first place. Considering the military movements within the first two weeks of the conflict one can assume that this might have been staged to create facts on the ground, similar enough to what Turkey did, before the Treaty of Lausanne superseded the Treaty of Sèvres.


(handwritten note: That's the fourth student thesis in so many years. Have we still got something shiny enough to distract him?)

I considered putting in footnotes, but decided it's close enough to spoiler as is.
 
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"Franzerl Pt. 6"
So this is a bit late, I got a phone call for a thing I couldn't miss when I was going over what I was going over what to post today. So you'll get more of John Moss epic adventure from the backlog.

Moss (1944), Franzerl des Panzerl
Part 6
17.-18.4.1929

The next day we got moving again. Thankfully this time I could catch a ride on a small truck, apparently owned by the army, not pressed into service as so many other. It was still a tight fit, since I still had to share it's back with four Schützen, two regulars of the Austrian Army as well as a gigantic machine gun. It seemed to be a common feature amongst the army trucks, and Ferdinand insisted on riding the truck standing, the machine gun ready at any moment. His companion from the regulars, Sebastian confined to me that he though Ferdinand quite mad, but refrained from saying so out load.

Both Ferdinand and Sebastian, as well as the machine gun, apparently had been drawn from the Fortress Troops of the Austrian Army, since there was little expectation that their area would be attacked.

"And if the Swiss do, it's not as if we can do anything." Ferdinand cheerfully informed me.

We sped up the pass we had come down only two days earlier, to my surprise without any snow on the road, and then down the hairpin turns again. Considering the road and the speed, I'm not certain who was madder, Ferdinand or the driver. We once again passed through St Leonhard, the long climb from days ago, over in a flash. The route then gently ran down valley, through St Martin and onwards.

Finally we arrived at Riffian, where the infantry was already busy unloading their gear from their trucks. Ferdinand cheerfully waved with one hand, as he used the other to sweep his machine gun across the sky, as we dismounted as well. Michael and Sepperl quickly went off to find some other Schützen and I stood there, between cheerful Schützen uniforms, the white of the Gebirgsjäger and the splotched green of other Austrian soldiers, as well as a smattering of of colours of assorted paramilitary organisations. On the steps in front of one of the houses a group with particularly colourful jackets, with decorations remiscient of cavalry of old more than soldiers, were singing rowdy songs and passing around some bottles of wine.

I walked around a bit, got a few photos, and then finally found Michael again, amongst a large group of Schützen, several of whom sported bandages of some kind.

"Italians tried a push last night, probably heard about Sterzing and knew they wouldn't have much time." Michael told me.

He then told me that the Schützen had managed to hold one side of the small dip ahead, and the Italians the other. There hadn't been much movement in the two days before, accurate long range fire keeping everyones heads down. Michael grimly confined that the Italians had come out worse of those fights than it appeared at first. The Schützen were all trained hunters, trained to shoot the target. He said, that a soldier often would just aim in the general direction, while a hunter was trained to hit their moving target. I'm uncertain if there is anything to it, but the Schützen certainly had a certain reputation amongst Italians after the war.

I was then privy to quite a detailed briefing on the going ones on all fronts, as well as plans going forward. I think it wasn't that much of a problem, since a lot of action was shaped by geography and obvious in many ways, but it seemed a bit lax to me at the time. I hadn't yet realised that to the Passeier Schützen at least, I already counted as one of them.

-

Night had fallen. Several groups had fallen asleep. Some to get a nap in before they had to fight. Some because they were earmarked for fighting tomorrow. Some, like those singers in their especially colourful uniforms, because they passed out from drinking. I however had stayed up, and observed. Close to midnight, things had gotten relatively quiet, both on our side and over at the Italians. I couldn't see their guards, but had been assured that they had some in place.

Then regulars of the Austrian Army started to move. Several had long rifles, not their usual carbines, with bulky contraptions strapped to them. Then a motor started up, as had several times before. This time it was a truck with what seemed to be a searchlight strapped to the back. There was no light however. Then the regulars started shooting. Return fire was sporadic and usually ended quickly. The soldiers started to charge across the dip before us, and I quietly followed. As we crossed the dip and the small stream within I started to notice that there had been others ahead of us. They must have infiltrated the enemy lines during the evening. We quickly passed the ridge, some Italians dead or wounded on the floor. Medics were already tending to them. In the small wood behind the ridge it quickly became obvious that most of the Italians had been caught napping. While some soldiers tended to them, most quickly moved on, towards the village Tirol.

There was sporadic fighting in the village, though little near me. One of the Italians taken prisoner didn't even wear pants. This haste in a cold April night might explain why they weren't really fighting too hard. I later learned that the unit garrisoned in the village were from rural background near Bari – not the most loyal people to Il Duce.

There was however something they quickly told their capturers. The Blackshirts that had been sent to stiffen up their unit had fortified themselves in Schloss Tirol, ready to fight to the last men. As these interrogations happened one could hear shots fired down in the Etschtal and on the other side of the Passer. There was obviously more fighting going on in Algund, and as I later learned the Blackshirts across the valley had fortified themselves in Schloss Schenna as well, only for it to be placed closer to the route of advanced than Schloss Tirol on our side.

As I moved through the village I came upon some officers directing the regulars to the left, and some members of the German Stahlhelm militia to the right, followed by several troopers with machine guns and man portable mortars. Recalling the maps I had seen I quickly talked myself into a house with a good view.

From there I could observe how some dark figures were carefully moving through the vineyards towards the historical castle. The first amongst them had made it nearly there when machine gun fire started up from the castle. I ducked myself, as while most was fired downwards, some of the Italian gunners weren't really careful with their muzzle rise.

Almost immediately machine guns from near the village started to reply, maybe with more fire, but certainly with more tracer amongst their ammunition. This seemed to be very effective at scarring the scattered rifle fire from the castle into silence.

Then there were several explosions in the inner courtyard of the castle. I was quite surprised, until now the Austrians had been very careful with artillery fire, especially near buildings, but I later learned that I had been somewhat mistaken. While they didn't relish damaging one of the very symbols of the country they were liberating, at Sterzing they had used mortars and artillery very sparingly, because there had been a civilian population in the city. Here however, best as they could tell everyone in the castle was an enemy combatant.

Still, most organised resistance soon ceased. When the mortar rounds hit, the first of the Stahlhelm had already been to the walls, soon after the gate was blown and then the Germans backed up by some squads of Gebirgsjäger took to the grisly task of digging the Blackshirts out of the castle.

Still not fully happy with the fighting, but oh well. Once again some German paramilitary get to play bait. Also: some Italian fanatics, and some who aren't so happy to die.
 
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"Mussolin Dead!" + "Dear Susanna Pt. 1"
Daily Mail, London, 19th April 1929

Benito Mussolini Dead!

A Great European Leader Has Left Us!

Italo Balbo confirmed Successor


Mussolini died of wounds sustained in an assassination attempt a week earlier. We mourn a great European leader, taken from as far too soon.

Mussolini spend the last decade stabilising an Italy wrecked by the Great War. He ensured that the socialists couldn't drag the country into civil war, creating a second festering wound in Europe similar to Russia.

Under his leadership deadwood and socialist unions were curbed, leading to economic recovery and even causing the trains to run on time.

In the uncertain times of his hospitalisation, rabble has taken up arms in Rome and other Italian cities, distracting the Italian army from it's pacification of it's northern province. While calls for an English intervention in this conflict are discussed in the halls of power, the Mail has to back up Labour MP Oswald Mosley, who stated that under no circumstances should the blood of English boys be spilled on a continental conflict again.

Balbo announced, that he would fight those who would dilute the Italian nation and international socialist interventionalism. He stated that justice would soon be brought to the Austrian government that supported terrorism on Italian soil. The Regio Esercito had already pacified the cities of Lienz and Spittal, giving them control of the remaining Austrian Alpine passed. Italian troops are pushing towards Salzburg and Graz this very moment.

Our correspondent in Rome witnessed the supposed Austrian air raid, stating clearly that it was staged by passenger aircraft, and that the damage must have been negligible.

This was fun to write. Very much not biased.

Dear Susanna,
19.4.1929​


I know you will not receive this letter for a long time. Neither am I supposed to write this in any way, if we are caught it will cause us trouble. Still, I have to tell this to someone.

I know being a cavalry man was one of the things that attracted you to me. But I have to tell you we certainly aren't the knights in shining armour of old fairy tales. Nor are we the dashing young men riding into battle in tight formation of even twenty years ago. Far more we were selected for the type of man we were. Independent, thinking for ourselves, resourceful. And yes, even amongst my squadron I know of at least one thief, one conman and a forger. We were then trained not just in horsemanship, but as scouts and marauders, hitting behind enemy lines. While we all carry machine pistols, most of us carry explosives and a few even rifles with powerful scopes, we were tough from the beginning that our radios are our most powerful weapons.

Yet today we struck directly, after a week of nerve wrecking hiking. Local guides, people who have crossed those borders a thousand time before the Great War, and most likely again since in less than legal trading expeditions took us from Carinthia though the mountains. We have good maps of the area, and made good progress, even mostly avoiding the valleys, moving on logging paths and following game trails. While I wasn't told where, I know that it wasn't just my Zug, but that the rest of the Division had been deployed as well.

We had then spend three days overlooking the rail line through the Kanaltal. Samuel, who has a Magister in Geography, even went down into Pontebba disguised as a beggar. I have been told in the past, that his Italian sounds very Calabrian, and it seems the locals bought it. From what he told us, they weren't complementary about his cowardice, but still extensively informed his, that the only way to catch a train currently was by joining the army.

Well, that was then. Now, nobody will catch a train, unless the railway engineers work a miracle. We had since moved further south, travelling two days along mountain slopes that probably took less than an hour by train, until we arrived at a small stream south of Venzone. There the rail line crossed a small stream, though it looks like it will swell significantly with the spring melt. We had placed explosives at the bridge, and then vanished into the hills again. We never saw the detonation, but we certainly heard it. So did probably the whole valley. We since have ascertained ourselves with our scopes of a job well done.

Still I am writing this, because it has made me uncertain. All the training, all our skills, sneaking into enemy territory, calling in trainload, after trainload of soldiers and supplies. It all had felt so distant. And here we were, sneaking over open ground, towards a target that nobody guarded because they didn't even know it could be a target, and I felt vulnerable. I became afraid. And I wished from all my heart that I could be with you, back home in Baden, taking you out for a walk through the Kurpark, or even for a night out in Vienna.

Yet here I am, trapped by duty behind enemy lines. I hope I can return to you soon.


Always yours,

Alois

And yet another front of the war. Austria was allowed a cavalry divison according to the Treaty of St Germain. TTL it wasn't traditional cavalry.

If there is anything you few readers want to see specifically, tell me. I won't guarantee that my scatterbrain will produce something at all, but depending on how it fits in and how much research it is, there is a good chance that it will turn up sooner or later.
 
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"Franzerl Pt. 7" + "F-S 28"
Moss (1944), Franzerl des Panzerl
Part 7
18.4.1929

Having spent most of the night watching the fighting I slept in the next day. And it turned out the world moved on without me.

"Have you heard?" my gracious host asked me. "Of course not, you've slept all day."

Sarah was, I quickly learned an incurable gossip, but then again it might have just been what I needed.

Meran, it turned out, had despite it's size and historical importance, escaped the worst of fascist attention. Now the politically very agile mayor had seen the wind blow in a different direction. He'd apparently been in secret talks, and when the Schützen moved in in the early morning, the locals helped them out. More than three thousand Italian soldiers had been taken prisoner, with barely a shot fired. More importantly, a significant part of the ammunition stock north of Trient had come with them.

I spent a couple of hours moving around, taking pictures, of battle damage, of columns of prisoners of war, of contrasting uniforms of the fighters involved, evoking more the colourful past of mercenary warfare, than the drab and muted ones of the Great War. One picture especially, that of Schloss Tirol with it's broken tower, seemed to somehow resonate around the world.

It was also then when I first saw the Regia Aeronautica participate in this war. Loud droning noise announced three of their Caproni light bombers approaching up the Etsch valley. Then four other specs in the sky started to grow larger. Four fighters, similarly single engines, yet far smaller and far faster, fell out of the sky upon their pry, leaving one to detonate in mid air, one to tumble downwards, lacking a wing and the last slowly descending, tail on fire.

It was in the early afternoon that Sepperl found me once again. He informed me that the Gebirgsjäger were already on the move again, but that some trucks had turned up to transport the Passeier Schützen. It amused me with what certainty he already counted me as one of their unit, but followed along nonetheless. The truck that waited for us still had the name of the construction firm it belonged to painted on the doors. The driver seemed similarly requisitioned, heavy clothing with brick dust and mortar sticking to them, a similar armband as the Schützen wore the only thing identifying him as a combatant.

We quickly left Meran behind us, the Etschtal widening around us, vineyards and rows of fruit trees became the norm, some even showing the first hints of new growth. After only twenty minutes of driving we stopped again, a congestion spreading out in front of us. I quickly noticed Michael jumping out of the drivers cabin of the truck in front of us and moving forwards. Tense minutes had most people around us fingering their rifles and looking around for anything out of place. Over the row of trucks I thought I already saw some building of what might have been Bozen.

When Michael came back, he simply told us: "There's trouble, one division moving up from Triest, another diverted south again moving through Bozen. There might be more, they've gotten more careful about using their radios. Call it up to thirty thousand Italians moving in on us."



F-S 28


Role: Fighter

National Origin: Switzerland

Manufacturer: Frey-Schnyder

First Flight: March 1928


General characteristics

Crew: 1

Length: 8,11m

Wingspan: 12.40m

Height: 3.4m

Wing area: 24.4m2​

Empty weight: 1.950kg

Gross weight: 2,600kg

Max takeoff weight: 2,900kg

Fuel capacity: 500l

Powerplant: 1x Rhomberg Lippizaner, radial engine, 480 kW (640hp)

Propellers: 3-bladed controllable-pitch propellers


Performance

Maximum speed: 375km/h

Range: 1,000km

Service ceiling: 7,500m

Rate of climb: 9.3m/s


Armament

2x 20mm Oerlikon FF in the wings

or:

4x 8mm Solothurn-Steyr


Following the already excellent, but mostly overlooked F-S 25, the F-S 28 is in popular perception the best fighter aircraft of the 1920. It certainly outclassed it's Italian counterpart, the Fiat C.30, though the Breda Ba.27 outperformed it in certain aspects. After having operated 12 F-S 25, the Austrian Air Force was the first operator of the F-S 28, receiving six fighters even before the Swiss Air Force received the first of theirs. By the time the Austro-Italian War started Austria operated 60 F-S 28 fighters, with a further 200 ordered days after the war started.

It's excellent combat record is however at least partially down to superior doctrine, communications and the worlds first operational use of Funkmeß-Peilung1​. Going up against planes developed later and without those advantages it's performance was less overwhelming in the hands of other operators.

Still, having a proven combat record, world wide sales, licence production as well as non-licenced copies rose sharply. It is estimated that over four thousand had been built.

1​ Radar

Some more Franzerl and a datasheet. Kind feels like filler?
 
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"Franzerl Pt. 8"
Moss (1944), Franzerl des Panzerl
Part 8
18.4.1929

It didn't take too long for movement to resume. The Schützen packed their gear and moved up into the hills. Meanwhile artillery tractors started to flatten grapevines and small trees in patches all around the road. When we started to gain elevation, I could see that at least some of them had spread all over the valley, though they were more numerous north of the Etsch.

Batteries of artillery pieces started to appear, with a number of truck mounted mortars. The Gebirgsjäger had barely started to dismount their own trucks, when the barrage began. It took surprisingly long for the impacts to appear, great clouds rising into the sky from both sides of the Mitterberg, but also from the outskirts of Bozen. I was quite surprised by this, because until now they seemed to have avoided firing on Tyrolean cities.

From my elevated position I could tell that counter fire was sporadic and inaccurate. The intricate dance of the trucks and artillery tractors below me moving the guns every so often probably had something to do with that. Meanwhile the Passeier Schützen and a couple others that had grown up in those hills moved at a fast clip through them. My insistence to pause every so often to take pictures got me some ribbing, but to be honest, I needed them at the time.

By late afternoon Italian troop made a desperate attack. To this day I am not aware just why they did that, getting cut down by hastily entrenched infantry, backed up by heavy, truck mounted machine guns. Even some of the more hotheaded Schützen got into the game, despite the fact that the nearest Italians must have been a mile away. I saw no indication that any of them hit anything, and more reasonable men quickly put a stop to wasting ammunition.

The countercharge was successful. Very successful as I would later learn. The Bozen garrison might have shattered completely, if it weren't for troops returning into the city that had just hours earlier passed it towards a different front. On the other hand Austrian troops managed to take the Mitterberg, the mountain in the centre of the valley south of Bozen. While the west of the valley, beyond the Etsch, was still in Italian hand, the railway was cut by artillery fire. I would later learn that this left five Italian divisions between Bozen and Villach on very tenuous supply lines.

The Schützen meanwhile continued their monstrous hike. Some elements moved forwards, towards the Talfer, while most moved downhill, engaging the enemy in the village of Gries. I stayed to the back of the fighting man, and learned first hand about the coordination between the Schützen and the Austrian artillery. The radio man was constantly in contact, having a couple of spotters assigned to them. Whereever serious resistance mounted, would only a minute or two later receive very accurate fire. More so, with the commanding view from the hills over Bozen, the radio crew called in fire not just on troops engaged, but also on positions where they rallied.

When I then followed down into the valley, the mood was odd. There were no fearful faces looking from the windows in Gries, there were no people joining up the fighters, there were no celebration of Italians driven out. Gries was quite as a grave once the Schützen had moved through.

Cue ominous music.

I started this just over two weeks ago and managed to post once every day. The upcoming week however I'll be otherwise occupied. I'll try to continue the streak, but I can't guarntee it. We'll see.
 
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"Franzerl Pt. 9"
Moss (1944), Franzerl des Panzerl
Part 9
19.4.1929

The night was restless. We were camped out in the ruins of a bombed out apartment block. I've been told that most of Bozen west of the Tafer was made up of new built, Italian occupied buildings. To me at the time it explained a lot about why artillery fire was used far more liberally, but I later got access to documents that told me that this was only partially the truth. Far more important according to Austrian Army standard operation rules up to that point was that civilian were mostly evacuated.

I remember that the night was freezing cold. Seemingly every time I fell asleep artillery fire or a machine gun opened up again. Rifle fire was a sporadic, but constant background noise. But unlike at Tirol there were no night assaults, no trickery, just holding the line at the river. It was then early in the morning, the sun still hidden somewhere behind the mountains that I was woken up by engine noise.

It shouldn't have. Engines had been a fact of life the last few days, but something about these was different. I moved over to the window and looked down, and saw tanks. Now at the time Franzerl had been the only tank I had seen close up, with it's long tail and outrageous paint job. These however were different. They seemed sleek somehow. Modern. They lacked any sort of paint job, any insignia, seemingly uniformly painted grey.

I counted ten as they rumbled up the street, then turned around and woke Sepperl. We had scouted the roof in the evening, and I was certain that while dangerous due to damage, it allowed brilliant pictures of the bridge over that Mussolini had been shot.

As we arrived upstairs I could see that there were some people down in the riverbed, swarming around the bridge and mostly keeping out of line of side from the east. Obviously they had checked over the bridge in some way, before the tanks rolled over it. Machine guns were blazing, turrets were swivelling and every now and again they fired a round from their main gun at especially stubborn resistance.

Then trucks with armoured plates bolted on followed over the bridge, into the beachhead.. Some carrying man, but nearly as many with machine guns mounted on their beds.

Fighting quickly moved away from the river and I decided to follow along. I passed the bridge together with many soldiers in different uniforms. Looking down the alleys I could see dead, wounded and prisoners nearly everywhere. The dead weren't all Italian, but they seemed to dominate. It was obvious that not everything had gone in the Austrian's favour. Some burned out trucks were down one alley. A tank with a broken track down another.

As fighting petered out, I began to see more and more agitated Austrian officers, but I wasn't able to figure out what was going on. I joined up the Sepperl and several other Schützen who were going house to house, looking for any remaining Italians or civilians left behind. In one of the buildings in the old town we got lucky, an old woman was still in there, unharmed, though a bit dusty from a near hit on her house by a tank canon. While she could move with the help of a stick, she was neither fast, nor safe with it, but it was an old injury, not something from the fighting.

She spoke German with an accent I was later told was Italian, and was very agitated. I barely understood a word she said. Then Sepperl looked at me and told me a thing that will stick with me all my life: "The trains didn't leave empty."
 
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"Kampfpanzer Skoda/29"
Kampfpanzer Skoda/29


Role: Light Tank

National Origin: Czechoslovakia

Manufacturer: Skoda

Production: 1928-1938


Mass: 11t

Length: 4.7m

Width: 2.1m

Height: 2.35m

Crew: 4

Armour: 20-35mm


Main Armament: 3,7cm KPÚV vz. 27

Secondary Armament: 2x 8mm ZB vz. 26 machine gun

Engine: 6 cylinder water cooled Puch Sprinter 197 hp, 147 kW

Operational range: 200km (road), 130 km (cross country)

Maximum Speed: 46km/h (road) 16 km/h (cross country)


Skoda LT vz 28, or in Austrian service mostly simply Kampfpanzer Skoda/29, the 29 designation having only been added after the Austro-Italian war, was certainly a joint Austrian-Czech tank project. While at the time public perception was of it as a Czech tank, the use of a Puch engine should have been a clue. Contemporary Czech engines by Skoda or Praga simply couldn't provide a similar performance, and so it was overlooked at the time. Damning are however that by now proven direct payments to Skoda by the Austrian government. Those were directly funnelled into development of armament project, such as the 3,7cm anti tank weapons based on the German TAK 1918. This is not even mentioning the specialist employees that regularly moved across the border.

In the late twenties tank development hadn't attracted too much attention. Most militaries were still money starved after the Great War, not to mention sometimes beleaguered by anti-war sentiments. In this situation even close observers weren't surprised, that Skoda didn't manage to sell it's whole production run in one go. That however every now and again members of Austrias "Shadow Army" visited Pilsen and trained with the vehicles wasn't noted.

Estimates say that as many as 200 of the Skoda tanks saw service in the Austro-Italian war. Nearly 700 were produced and sold world wide, though the successor model proved even more successful.

A planned model with the 47cm Böhler anti-tank gun was never realised.

Okay, managed today... Also that thing is a moster in 1929 no matter what, even if the main armour they were up against weren't some Fiat 3000s.
 
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