Sweden:
After the Napoleonic era, Sweden's foriegn policy could best be described as dedicated neutrality. As a result of this neutrality, Sweden's King Karl XIV Johan reduced the nation's military budget for a time. This would not be the case for his entire reign however. During the 1830's, the king's popularity plummeted due to various causes. On February 13 1836, a local insane asylum patient named Orvar Östberg escaped from Danviken hospital and attempted to take the life of the king during one of his tours of Stockholm. The attack seemed to be carried out on a whim. Witnesses, including the king himself, saw Östberg charging at the king's guard with a pocket knife before being cut down by a volley of bullets. While this attempt had a negligible chance of success and was caused more by the assailant's mental instability than any real grievance, it nonetheless shook Karl.
Karl XIV Johan feared that if enough popular feeling was turned against him, the military would not be above deposing him in a coup. This was not a necessarily irrational fear as the Swedish King Gustav IV was deposed by just such a method only 27 years prior. Thus to ensure that another coup would not take place, Karl XIV Johan decided to buy the loyalty of the military. However, the increased army budget was not only spent on enlarging officer's wallets but rather also for modernizing the military equipment already available and funding esteemed members of the Military-Industrial complex such as Baron Martin Von Wahrendorff so they could produce new military innovations.
Japan:
In the 1830's, Japan experienced a devastating environmental crisis known as the Great Tenpō Famine. During this time all classes of society suffered but the hardest hit were of course the peasantry, who were not able to grow the food needed to sell and eat. By 1836, the famine had reached its peak and even some loyal members of the ruling caste became radicalized. One such man was Ōshio Heihachirō, a Samurai and police officer in Osaka who attempted to solicit the movers and shakers of society to do something to ease the burdens of the peasantry. These efforts offended the wealthy merchant Ujie Takemoro, who hired a group of thugs to murder Ōshio Heihachirō on March 5. After the deed was done, Takemoro was arrested, but being wealthy as he was gave him connections, which he skillfully used to avoid punishment. Ujie Takemoro was allowed to go free even though every person, highborn and low, knew of Takemoro's guilt.
This infuriated the lower classes and several rebellions broke out all over Japan in what have collectively become known as the Koroshōnin rebellions. During these rebellions, members of the lower class would destroy tax offices and wealthy merchant's homes, often with the occupants still inside. Even though these were basically peasant revolts the Shogunate's troops performed relatively poorly, having become unused to putting down revolts and unrest. Upon the destruction of the last rebel stronghold, Tokugawa Ienari, the Shogun of Japan at the time, decided to reform the Shogunate forces as one of his last acts as Shogun before retiring. He ordered increased training of his own military forces and the mandatory dedication of a small percentage of the feudal lords' revenues for the year to the maintenance and training of their own military forces. One notable feature of the training programs were the relatively high number of close-combat techniques being taught. The age of the Sengoku Jidai was long over, and the main military threats the Shogun was worried about came from his own people. Swords were more popular than guns in Japan during this time, and so the troops learned how to fight in close combat more than how to shoot at the enemy.
China:
On April 15 1836, the Daoguang emperor of China had a sudden heart attack and died. This came as a shock to the nation as he had apparently been in good health right up until the moment of his death. His death also came at a poor time, succession-wise. His oldest living son and next in line for the dragon throne, Yizhu, was only 5 years old. And so Yizhu, now known as the Xianfeng Emperor to the history books, became ruler of all of China, at least in name.
In reality, the Qing court became a hotbed of intrigue and power struggles. The royal family attempted to keep everything under control by delegating more power to the provinces and promoting competent Governor-generals to them. One such official was a man known as Lin Zexu, who gained the office of the viceroy of Huguang in this manner. Lin Zexu was a conservative who strongly opposed the opium trade and western influence in general. However, his focus was shifted to anti-corruption campaigns when he began to gain influence in the imperial court. He hoped that when the state was purged of corruption, ordinances against opium and the west would be much more effective. However, as the campaign went on, the distinction between individuals who were corrupt and individuals who happened to be Lin Zexu's political opponents became blurred, and many people who were in fact innocent of any wrongdoing nonetheless found themselves declared guilty of some corruption charge or another. To Lin Zexu's credit, the punishments for false corruption were often more lenient than the punishments for real ones.