My question is if Europe could go from tribes to kingdoms & nations, why couldn't the Amerinds graduate from tribes to kingdoms by the time the Vikings or Columbus arrive on their shores? It's like no one here thinks they can develop into large kingdoms or empires after a few hundred years.
There factually were state level societies, including empires, in the Americas at the time of the Arrival of Columbus, and indeed dating to several hundred years before (by no means an exhaustive list):
In South America: The Wari and Tiwanaku empires (both precursors to the Inka, brought down by hemisphere wide drought in the 12th century CE) The Inka themselves, The Chimu
In Central America: The Aztecs, Teotihuacan (200 BCE - 600 CE), zapotec (700 - 1400 CE), Yaxchilan (Maya City)
In North America: The Iriquois Confederacy, Cahokia, the Pubeloans
At many points in history cities in the Americas were larger and cleaner than any contemporaneous European city: Cusko (Inka Capatial), Cahoka, Tenochtitlan (Aztec Capital)
There is also the problematic notion that having nation-states and kingdoms is somehow more 'advanced' than egalitarian tribes, though to be clear there were plenty of both in the Americas. There is a tendency in the modern context to homogenize all fist nations individuals, when people find out I am first nations there is often a sentence something like: "tell me about [random tribe]." I am from what is now the southeast US, asking me about a tribe from the southwest is like asking a Russian to tell you about the culture of the UK because they're both European.
Just checked, you are right.
Never said Spain was backwater, but they were in a difficult position.
Portugal had earned exclusive rights for all trade south of the canary islands (And thus India) after a conflict with Spain.This is a very important reason on why the Catholic kings bothered to fund Columbus.
The discovery of America enriched Spain beyond measure not denying that.
Search up the Noche Triste (The sad night) were Cortez was trying to escape from Tenochtitlan, got injured, lost several of his men and according to Bernal Diaz del Castillo was crying.
Also the conquest of the Aztecs was relatively fast compared to other natives. Some had holdouts even as far as 1700s.
There were some places were the Spanish were thinking of giving up their claim because of how hard they were resisted.
Not saying that in the OTL someone wouldnt eventually have succeeded, the technological disparity ensured that they would have eventually been conqured.
But with bending the game changes a lot. For the technology of that age, bending is a bigger thing than ot would have been in our era. I would expect fiercer resistance. And more successful rebellions when the Europeans start abusing the natives.
Yep, this is the big thing the Europeans won mostly by playing the natives against each other and because of different sicknesses they brought.
Sickness is still the number 1 killer of the natives as in the otl.
So. Where to start. First, small pox developed in pigs, which have A and B and AB type blood. Most Europeans are of these blood-types as well, so when small pox jumped to humans many Europeans had some resistance due to having the appropriate antigens due to the same blood types. Most Native Americans at the time had O type blood and no natural resistance. Native American cultures also had much better sanitation and hygiene than Europe and so less robust immune systems because they didn't need them. How much more fierce resistance do you want? The Aztecs still almost beat the Spanish despite losing by some estimates 50% of their population to disease. A similar toll is true throughout the Americas. Estimates range between 25-50% of the population falling to disease,
much of it before formal contact with Europeans. Despite this tribes were fighting conquest up until the 19th century, not the 17th
Absent disease I don't care about a 'technological disparity' the Spanish (any other colonial power) would have been crushed. As an example the Inka had a professional army of 100,000 persons, who knew the local terrain, and a road network to rival the Romans in much rougher terrain. The Inka emperor was killed by small pox shortly before the Spanish arrived to conquer and the Inka were in the middle of a succession crisis while, again, losing
conservatively 25% of their population to disease.
And, yes, the Europeans did sometimes 'play' different tribes off of each other. Tribes did the same to different European powers too. Europeans have done it to each other throughout the history of Europe -- see basically all of Britain's foreign policy after the Elizabethean era.