Let's Read The History of the Holy Grail

Introduction

Nachtprophet

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Being a longtime fan of Arthurian legends and literature, I recently acquired the first volume of the Vulgate Cycle, the longest work of this genre and one of the most influential.

Let's Reads recently seem to be somewhat popular on SV, and I hope the material is interesting enough that this thread will find an audience.

This is actually the first thread I ever created and starting a project like this is a bit out of my comfort zone. I'll try to update regularly, discussion and critique on my commentary will hopefully keep me engaged.

Now to the actual text:

The Vulgate Cycle, also known as the Lancelot-Grail or Pseudo-Map Cycle, is a collection of prose novels written in medieval French by an unknown group of authors. It centers around the Prose Lancelot which comprises about half the cycle and tells of the various adventures of Sir Lancelot and other Knights of the Round Table. It was continued in the Quest for the Holy Grail that recounted said quest as undertaken by Galahad, the son of Lancelot, and the Death of Arthur that chronicles the destruction of Arthurs Kingdom.

Those Books were written starting in the 1210s. In the 1230s two prequels were added to the cycle. (Endless reboots, sequels and prequels were just as prevalent in 13th century literature as they are in modern movie franchises...)

The first is the History of the Holy Grail that is the subject of this Let's Read, the other is Merlin, a retelling of King Arthur's backstory and early victories, in short: an origin story.

As I'm not fluent in Old French (or Modern French either...) I'm using a translation into modern English by Carol J. Chase. The volume I'm reading from is the first part of a nine volume translation of the entire cycle titled LANCELOT-GRAIL The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation, published by D.S. Brewer.

This should be enough of an introduction, so my next post will be my thoughts on the first chapter. (The original work doesn't seem to have any divisions in the text, but the editors have divided it into a prologue and forty chapters for easier reading and I'll follow that partitioning.)
 
1. Prologue
The one who, by order of the Great Master, is setting in writing the high and noble story of the Grail first sends greetings to all those men and women who believe in the glorious Holy Trinity, that is, the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit—the Father, who creates and gives life to all things; the Son, who delivers all those who believe in Him from perpetual pain and brings them to the high joy without end; the Holy Spirit, who sanctifies and purifies good things.

Now this is a rather common opening in medieval literature, dedicating the work to god. It is however especially fitting for a book dealing with a pseudo-religious theme like the Holy Grail. (I say 'pseudo-religious' since the actual church wasn't amused by authors connecting biblical themes with a genre that even at that time was mostly regarded as alt-history fantasy stories.)

I like how the story is explicitly marketed towards men and women, the writer clearly wants a big audience.

What follow is a lengthy explanation on why the author wants to remain anonymous:
  1. Since this is The Best Story Ever™ it would be boastful and make all the other writers jealous.
  2. The author is so humble that people who know him wouldn't take the story seriously.
  3. He doesn't want to be blamed for copying and translation errors.
Such a humble person this author.:V

Then he explains how he learned this story: 'Seven hundred seventeen years after the Passion of Jesus Christ' in the middle of the night before Good Friday a beautiful man appeared in the authors dream and promptly explained him how the Holy Trinity works. (Is that why he talks about that in the opening?)

The man introduces himself as 'The Great Master' who is the perfect teacher and he will explain everything unknown to the author. He doesn't explain anything however, instead he presents a small book that supposedly contains mysterious truths. He also gives a warning:

Inside are My secrets, which I Myself put there with My own hand, that no man might see if he be not purged beforehand by confession and by three days of fasting with bread and water; and after that he must speak in such way that he speaks the language of the heart and not that of the mouth. For these secrets cannot be named by any mortal tongue, lest all the four elements be disturbed: it will rain blood, and there will be other marvels; the air will be troubled, the earth will shake visibly, and water will change its color.

Okay... is this a christian text or the Necronomicon? Maybe the author had the right idea with remaining anonymous.

The Great Master continues explaining the spiritual benefits of reading his magic booklet including this tidbit:

[...]nor will anyone who has held and seen this little book one time die a sudden death, no matter what sin he has committed in this life. This is the joy of the Soul.

And that's just a book (presumably) about the Grail!

There's an explosion of light and our nameless narrator wakes up with the catastrophes causing, soul saving book in his hands. He immediately starts reading without any of the fasting or confessions he was supposed to do. Nothing bad happens. Is continuity within the same page too much to ask for?

The book seems to have four sections:
"This is the beginning of your lineage."
Apparently all the narrators ancestors were saints and heroes, but he doesn't name any because he is so humble. :rolleyes:

"The Book of the Holy Grail begins here."

When I had read until past noon and it was probably the hour of nones, I found another that said: "This is the beginning of fears." I began to read what came after this, seeing things that were terribly fearsome and frightful, and God knows I saw them with great fear, nor would I ever have dared to continue if He by whose commandment all living things are moved had not directed me to do so. After having seen a number of marvelous things, I found the fourth title which said: "This is the beginning of the Marvels." And then I began to think very hard.

I have also thought very hard and this is now a Let's Read of a Let's Read!

Then a ray of fire from the heavens fries the authors brain and the world goes dark for a time. Reading was a dangerous business in the 13th 8th century.

A sweet smell and invisible voices appear that repeat the refrain:
"May honor, glory, power and force forever be with the destroyers of death and the restorers of eternal life."

A loud voice orders:
"Stop thinking, get up, and go return to God what you owe Him, for it is certainly time."

This was apparently a warning that he spent nine hours in bed, reading his new book, and that he might want to do other stuff on Good Friday. He goes to church but is suddenly kidnapped by an angel who takes him to the third heaven which is explicitly 'one hundred thousand times as' awesome as any place on earth. On the next level our author sees god but spends most of the paragraph explaining how his experience doesn't contradict the bible, specifically John 1, 18.

He returns home and locks his book in a small chest. Three days later he wants to read it, but it is gone. A voice explains that he has to go on a quest before he gets it back:

When you have left here, you will enter a path leading to the main road; this will take you to the Stone of the Capture. There you will take a path to the right leading to the Seven Roads, in the plain of Post Valley. When you come to the Fountain of Tears, where the great killing happened long ago, you will find an animal such as you have never seen, Take care that you follow it where it leads you. And when you have lost it, you will enter the land of Norwegia. There you will finish your quest, and then you will learn for what task the Great Master sends you there, because before then you will not know."

So a fetch quest to get the actual quest. Also lol at the 'you won't know your goal until it is told to you' part. The Norwegia mentioned here is supposed to be the western part of Scotland occupied by the vikings.

The author wanders through the Valley of the Dead where he once so a duel between the best knights in the world. Considering this whole chapter is about his backstory we still don't know anything about him...

He finds the animal:
I would have you know that it was variegated in every way: it had the head and neck of a sheep, and these were as white as new snow; and it had the feet, legs, and thighs of a dog, and all this was as black as coal; and it had the breast and body and rump of a fox and the tail of a lion.

This... thing leads Mr. Author to a hermit who demands to be blessed by him and he quickly spins some bullshit story about how awesome he is. The next day the weird animal shows him the Pine of Adventures and a spring beneath it:

It was unlike any other spring I had ever heard of, for the gravel was red like blood and hot like fire, while the water was as cold as ice; and three times a day it turned as green as an emerald and as bitter as the sea, the bitterness lasting as long as the sea.

A rider appears and brings Narrator-kun a napkin, eggs, a 'very white cake' and a goblet with barley beer, all presents from 'she who was rescued by the Knight of the Golden Circle on the day that the person you know saw the great marvel'.

The next day he meets two knights and a squire. One of the knights recognizes the author but he denies everything. The authors fear of recognition is really becoming a thing, was he a criminal or something?

The animal brings him out of the forest to a convent of nuns at the Queen's Lake. It's finally confirmed that the author is a priest although he seems to be ashamed to admit it. He goes on and finds a letter from the Great Master with further instructions and the animal disappears.

A terrible scream sounds from a small chapel on a hill and our priestly narrator enters it to find an unconscious man who is possessed by the devil. On the altar lies the magic book which allows the author to perform an exorcism. The devil wants to leave through his victims mouth but is told to go out through the bottom. Really. An army of demons appears but they are powerless against the book and the poor devil has to evacuate the man's bowels and disappears.

The victim introduces himself as a hermit on a paleo diet. The Great Master sends a fruit delivery and after nine days of care he is healthy again.

When the good man escorted me to the gate, we saw the animal that had led me, and he asked me what this could be. I told him I had no other guide, and that it was sent by God. He said it was good to serve such a Lord, who knew so well to guide people in his work

Yes, mutant animals, the most divine of navigation methods. Also the thing is invisible to anyone but author-priest and diet-hermit.

Back home with the book a vision of the Great Master tells him that he has until the feast of ascension to copy the book before it will disappear forever. The rest of the History of the Holy Grail is that copy.



So what did we learn today? Medieval DRM was hardcore, chimeras make good guides, strange priests you meet on the road are to be trusted and remember, always exorcise the devil through the butt instead of the mouth. :oops:
 
2. Joseph of Arimathea Lays Christ's Body in a Sepulcher and Is Imprisoned
The prologue was really just an elaborate justification for people to take this book seriously. This was actually a very common element in medieval literature: By inventing a history of the origin of the tale it gains authority, similar to religious or historic texts claiming to be based on biblical, Greek or Roman sources.

Of course the whole thing about an 8th century exorcist with a mysterious past getting the story directly from Jesus himself is utter nonsense. Even the audience at the time would have seen this as a purely literary device, but it does show us the intended genre of the actual tale: religious mysteries and tales of wonder, as well as adventures and quests involving knights. Both should of course be expected in a prequel to Arthurian Romances.

Now what were the real sources?

The Grail was first mentioned in Perceval, the Story of the Grail an incomplete romance by Chrétien de Troyes from the late 12th century, which was followed by multiple continuations by various authors. Since the original was never finished there was never an official explanation what the Grail was.

This was left to French poet Robert de Boron who's poem Joseph d'Arimathie used biblical elements to give both the Grail and Arthur's knights a decidedly christian backstory.

Our History of the Holy Grail is for the most part a prose adaption of that poem, expanding on it and trying to connect it more closely to the later Lancelot and Galahad stories.



The first real chapter starts directly after the Crucifixion of Christ and introduces the main character:

[T]he holy writing of the Grail speaks of a noble knight who lived at that time, whose name was Joseph of Arimathea. [...] He was very pious, gentle, and devout and had converted to Jesus Christ's faith. [...] Joseph possessed all the good qualities that mortal man can, for he loved and feared God and was pious and gracious toward his fellow men. He honored and revered those above him and was peaceable and amicable toward his relatives. He neither wronged nor harmed those beneath him and was full of compassion to those who suffer. Such were his good qualities.

Joseph is of course a canonical figure mentioned in all four gospels. He was supposedly a rich councilman who followed Jesus's teachings and protested against his sentence. Later apocryphal writers expanded on his story until Robert de Boron connected him to the Grail Myth. He's also referenced in the most accurate of all movie adaptions of King Arthur and the Grail quest, Monty Python and the Holy Grail. :cool:

When Joseph saw on the cross the One whom he believed to be the Son of God and the Savior of the world, he was neither frightened nor led to lose his faith because of seeing Him die, but waited for His holy Resurrection, believing in it with certainty. And because he could not see Him alive, he thought he would do what he could to obtain some of the things He had touched while He was alive.

So he went to the house where Jesus held the Last Supper, where He ate the Paschal lamb with His disciples. Upon arriving, Joseph asked to see the place where He had eaten. He was shown a room set up for dining, on the top floor of the house. There Joseph found the dish from which the Son of God and two others had eaten, before He gave the twelve disciples His flesh and blood to take in communion.

And there is the grail! Contrary to modern depictions it's a dish or bowl and not a cup or chalice. In fact, the very word 'grail' comes from old French graal which was the name of a kind of wide bowl used for serving meals.

Joseph is overjoyed that he can start his collection of Jesus memorabilia and just takes the bowl home to his literal Jesus shrine. Kind of a jerk move, he's rich and could have at least pay the owner of the room...

Hearing that the Romans plan to defile the body of Jesus, Joseph goes straight to his boss:

So he went to Pilate, whose liege knight he was, for he had been in his service for seven whole years. When he came before Pilate, he beseeched him, as a reward for all the services he had done, to grant him a gift that would cost him very little. And Pilate, who liked him and his service very much, agreed, for he owed him much greater riches than he had requested. Joseph asked for Jesus's body, and Pilate gave it to him, not knowing what he was giving him, for he thought he was giving the body of a poor fisherman, while he was actually giving him the Giver of all gifts and the Resurrection of all flesh created in human form.

I somewhat doubt that Joseph really was a knight in a feudal contract with Pilate. This is of course a typical example of 'write what you know' which was the standard of medieval writing. They basically acted as if human society and culture had never changed throughout history.

We return to the biblical narrative with Joseph laying Jesus to rest in his family tomb.

Then he went to his house to seek the bowl. Returning to the body, he used it to gather as much of the blood that dripped out as he could. Then he brought the dish back to his house. Since then, through this dish God has performed many miracles in the Promised Land and many other lands.

And here enters the connection of the grail to the blood of Christ which will lead to centuries of speculations and theorizing of an increasingly stupid nature.

Next Joseph gets kidnapped by a group of Jews who accuse him of blasphemy (his blood bowl shrine can't have helped his defense) and bring him to a stronghold of Caiaphas, the high priest (or 'bishop' in the text) of Jerusalem.

This house was in a big marsh, and it had a hollow pillar which seemed to be solid. Inside this pillar was the most hideous and filthy prison ever seen.

Eww. Caiaphas, I'm sure you're a busy man but that's no excuse not to have your evil lair cleaned.

Joseph is put into the dirty pillar and gets only bread and water to eat. Pilate suspects foul play but has no evidence. After Jesus resurrects and leaves his tomb, people assume its a plot by Joseph and stop giving him food.

Jesus appears in the pillar. (How big is this thing?) He brings the bloody dish to Joseph, who is really happy about it, and promises to free him at some point in the future when everyone thinks he's dead.

Thus Joseph remained in prison so long that he was completely forgotten, and no one spoke of him anymore. His wife, who was still a young woman, remained behind, distraught, with her son Josephus, who was not yet a year and a half old on the day his father was imprisoned. The lady was often urged to remarry, but she said she would never have a carnal relationship with a man before she knew for certain the truth about her lord, whom she loved more than any other living thing. When the child came of age to marry, his relatives exhorted him to do so, but he was so in love with Jesus Christ because of his mother's guidance that he said he would never marry any other but the Holy Church, for he believed in God and had been baptized by the hand of Saint James the Minor, who was bishop of Jerusalem for a long time after Jesus Christ's death.

This paragraph shows not only the repercussions of the whole affair for Joseph's family, but also introduces us to a major theme of the later grail stories: a great emphasis on celibacy and a monkish way of life.

A short chronology section follows which explains that all this had happened in the time of the Roman emperor Tiberius Caesar and that Joseph will be freed in the third year of the reign of emperor Titus, forty-two years later. In all this time he got neither food nor water. The details will be told in the next chapter.
 
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